No god but God

Reza Aslan’s book, ‘No god But God’, is a comprehensive telling of the story and the history of one of the major religions in the world today. Going through the 352 pages of the book, even a person who had no knowledge of Arabia’s pre-Islamic history, no familiarity with Islamic rise, and no previous comprehension of the various teachings and philosophical factors, is a great experience of exploration in the world of Islam and the Muslim way of thought. What makes this book unique is that it connects many of what is going on in the Islamic world with the latest events concerning terrorism and militant Islamic groups in different places of the world. Knowing that Aslan is a Muslim who earned different degrees in Religions and Arts in the United States gives us an idea about the amount of information that each reader can obtain. Throughout the book, the reader is being guided by an insider who is knowledgeable in what concerns all the related elements. And, from the other side, this can be another component in highlighting the fact that the book is written in a way that is easy to understand and that is completely comprehendible. CONTENTS AND THOUGHTS The author of the book begins by explaining the reasons that led him to write the book and to create such a volume about Islam. He explains that the main reason is not to go through the history and present conflicts within the religion, but to attempt to foresee its future and how it will evolve. â€Å"This book is not just a critical reexamination of the origins and evolution of Islam, nor is it merely an account of the current struggle among Muslims to define the future of this magnificent yet misunderstood faith. This book is, above all else, an argument for reform†Ã‚  Ã‚   (Prologue). The book is divided into ten distinct sections; each one goes through a certain stage of the birth and development of the religion. And in many of these chapters, many direct references and explanations are made concerning events that we see today and their origin and impact on the Muslim world of today in relation to a variety of subjects. The first section of the book ‘The clash of monotheisms’, is an introductory part in which the author states the reasons that led him to writing the book. He states that Islam is not, as some claim, a violent religion that cannot co-exist with modern values of democracy and human rights. â€Å"A few well-respected academics carried this argument further by suggesting that the failure of democracy to emerge in the Muslim world was due in large part to Muslim culture, which they claimed was intrinsically incompatible with Enlightenment values such as liberalism, pluralism, individualism, and human rights. It was therefore simply a matter of time before these two great civilizations, which have such conflicting ideologies, clashed with each other in some catastrophic way. And what better example do we need of this inevitability than September 11?† (Prologue). He claims, instead, that certain circumstances were the reason why the Muslim world is so much behind in these fields. In the first chapter of the book, ‘The sanctuary in the desert: pre-Islamic Arabia’, the reader can virtually live through the conditions and events that were taking place in Arabia before the emergence of the religion. Here we find many indications to the fact that, contrary to the reality of today, the Arabian Peninsula was populated by the followers of many religions: Jews, Christians, and others. â€Å"It is here, inside the cramped interior of the sanctuary, that the gods of pre-Islamic Arabia reside: Hubal, the Syrian god of the moon; al-Uzza, the powerful goddess the Egyptians knew as Isis and the Greeks called Aphrodite; al-Kutba, the Nabataean god of writing and divination; Jesus, the incarnate god of the Christians, and his holy mother, Mary† (Aslan 3). And in reference to the Jewish community the author states: â€Å"The Jewish presence in the Arabian Peninsula can, in theory, be traced to the Babylonian Exile a thousand years earlier, though subsequent migrations may have taken place in 70 C.E., after Rome's sacking of the Temple in Jerusalem, and again in 132 C.E., after the messianic uprising of Simon Bar Kochba. For the most part, the Jews were a thriving and highly influential diaspora whose culture and traditions had been thoroughly integrated into the social and religious milieu of pre-Islamic Arabia† (9). The following three chapters, ‘The keeper of the keys: Muhammad in Mecca’, ‘The city of the prophet: the first Muslims’, and ‘Fight in the way of God: the meaning of Jihad’, give the reader an in-depth clarification about how Islam came to life, from the beginning of the story of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his life before recognizing the mission that he was set to accomplish and the various events that shaped the era of the beginning of the new religion and how the Muslim believers, including the prophet himself, were treated by the people of their tribe and all the conditions that led the Islamic state to be established in Medina instead of Mecca, the original city of the prophet. What is interesting in this book is that it makes, during the telling of the story, references to many things that we see today in the Muslim world. One of the examples of this is the reference made to the story of the Hijab or the Islamic clothes and head cover of Muslim women, which has became an identifying characteristic of Muslim women today. It is surprising to find out that the whole idea is not even brought by the Quran or the original Islamic teachings: â€Å"Although long seen as the most distinctive emblem of Islam, the veil is, surprisingly, not enjoined upon Muslim women anywhere in the Quran. The tradition of veiling and seclusion (known together as hijab) was introduced into Arabia long before Muhammad, primarily through Arab contacts with Syria and Iran, where the hijab was a sign of social status. After all, only a woman who need not work in the fields could afford to remain secluded and veiled†¦ the veil was neither compulsory, nor for that matter, widely adopted until generations after Muhammad’s death, when a large body of male scriptural and legal scholars began using their religious and political authority to regain the dominance they had lost in society as a result of the Prophet’s egalitarian reforms† (65-66). The next chapter, ‘The rightly guided ones: the successors to Muhammad’, goes through the events that took place after the death of the prophet, and how conflicts appeared on the succession in what concerns the position of Islamic leader of Caliph, or successor. The sixth chapter, ‘This religion is a science: the development of Islamic theology and law’, is the one that contains most of the information about the teachings, the myths, the different philosophical views, and the various rituals that make up the religion. Here, the reader will have an idea about the different schools of thought. The following chapter, ‘In the footsteps of martyrs: from Shi’ism to Khomeinism’, presents the story of how the Shi’ite Muslim sect appeared as a result of the killing of Ali, the fourth Caliph after Muhammad and the political and religious consequences of this appearance that we can see in our world today. It relates the new factors of faith that were introduced into Islam by the Shi’ite sect and how those factors were always being used according to desires and wishes of the leaders, such as Kommeini in what concerns modern Iran. Next, the chapter ‘Stain your prayer rug with wine: the Sufi way’ is a description of another sect of Islam, which is Sufism. It goes through many of the different concepts that Sufis use and believe in which are completely different than those of mainstream Islam and Shi’ite Islam. The ninth chapter, ‘An awakening in the east: the response to colonialism’, talks about the effects of European colonialism on Muslim countries and the way that it was faced: â€Å"the nationalists sought to battle European colonialism through a secular countermovement that would replace the Salafiyyah's aspiration of religious unity with the more pragmatic goal of racial unity: in other words, Pan-Arabism† (Aslan 233) The final chapter, ‘Slouching toward Medina: the Islamic reformation’, discusses the establishment of the Muslim states after the end of colonialism. An interesting idea that the author presents in this chapter is the comparison between the reforms that took place within the Christian history which led Christian societies to move towards democracy, human rights, and pluralism and the conditions that are being shaped today within Islamic societies. And he states that Islamic societies may need to go through violent and extremely shaky conditions before reaching the final desired destination that others in the Western world reached. According to the author, there is an ongoing struggle taking place in the Muslim world between the forces of traditional religious beliefs and those that want to move their societies into the modern foundations of democracy and human right. He states that â€Å"in the developing capitals of the Muslim world – Tehran, Cairo, Damascus, and Jakarta – and in the cosmopolitan capitals of Europe and the United States – New York, London, Paris, and Berlin – where that message is being redefined by scores of first and second generation Muslim immigrants. By merging the Islamic values of their ancestors with the democratic ideals of their new homes, these Muslims have formed†¦ a ‘mobilizing force’ for a Muslim reformation that, after centuries of stony sleep, has finally awoken and is now slouching toward Medina to be born† (Aslan 254). In many parts of the book, there is a mentioning of terrorism and the reasons that led to its creation. Ben Laden is mentioned several times, even though the concepts that the author wants to express are not presented in the level that a reader expects. Aslan states that Ben Laden’s concept of Islam is wrong and that it is not the conception of the majority of Muslims: â€Å"Muslims may share bin Laden's grievances against the Western powers, [but] they do not share his interpretation of Jihad† (87). CONCLUSION The book is a rich source of information about the history of Islam and the about the Muslim societies of today. It gives the reader a full, even though not detailed, description of everything that led the reality of those societies into what is being seen today. The writer tried to show the true face of Islam and to explain to everyone that what extremists stand for today is something that has nothing to do with religion, and that they have their own version and interpretation of the Quran. The author, to a certain extent, succeeded in clearing many points about the religion and to underline the idea that Islam is originally a peaceful religion. The book was certainly worth writing and publishing especially in this time when everyone should know more about the other in order to avoid and prevent further confrontation. Works Cited Aslan, Reza. No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York: Random   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   House, 2005.   

College app Essay

1. Obtain applications. Applications can be obtained online at college websites; downloadable and electronic applications are now available at most college websites. In fact, most colleges now prefer that applicants complete their online application (as opposed to the printable paper application), as it is more efficient for them and for you. Application fees may be waived by some schools if you use the electronic applications. However, if you would like to complete the application by hand, you may obtain a printable version online or by calling, writing, or emailing to request an application and information. Some applications are available in the Career Center (check with Ms. Roth). NOTE: Students are responsible for completing and mailing their college applications, essays, and processing fees to the college to which they are applying. All of your application â€Å"pieces† do not have to be mailed at the same time. As materials are received, the colleges will create â€Å"your† file. After submitting applications, you will want to follow up with each college to make sure that they have received all â€Å"pieces† of your application so that they can begin to evaluate your application. 2. Schedule a Senior Interview with your Counselor. Counselors will be meeting individually with you to discuss your post-graduation plans and to discuss how they can help you with the process and with your plans. If you are applying Early Decision or Early Action schedule a conference in SEPTEMBER. 3. Complete your Activity Sheet, Counselor Recommendation Brag Sheet and Parent Brag Sheets. Pick up the brag sheets and an example of an Activity sheet from your school counselor, Career Center or on Family Connection in the Document Library section. 4. Students must complete an Annandale High School Transcript Request and Release of Records form at least three weeks prior to the college’s application deadline in order to give our student services staff ample time to process your transcript and/or letter of recommendation. This form can be retrieved from Ms. Garman in the Office of Student Services or in the Family Connection Document Library. Once completed and signed by you and your parent, the form should be returned to Ms. Garman along with the following for each college you’re applying to: The college’s Secondary School Report Form (if required), a typed copy of your Activity Sheet, an AHS envelope address to the college’s Office of Admission and TWO stamps. If applying to more than 3 schools a $5. 00 fee is required for each additional school. Once the process is completed, your information will be mailed from our office to the colleges to which you’re applying. 5. Obtain teacher or counselor recommendations. Students should refer to each college’s application to find out how many recommendations are required, if any. Not all schools require a recommendation. For Teacher recommendations, students must give the teacher one self-addressed, stamped envelope for EACH school to which they are applying. The teacher will then mail the recommendation directly to each college. Again, Please be sure to give them at least 3 weeks notice on getting a letter of recommendation out. We recommend that Juniors ask their teachers if they’d be willing to write them a letter of recommendation for college at the end of their Junior year. For Counselor recommendations, students should fill out the Counselor Recommendation Brag Sheet and attach a typed or written Activity sheet or Resume of Activities. In addition, the student’s parent or guardian must fill out the Parent Information Sheet. Please be very detailed when filling out these forms. When finished, these forms should be given to your counselor at least three weeks prior to the college’s application deadline. Please note that your counselor will not write a letter of recommendation until these forms are received and a senior meeting has been held. 6. Register for all admissions tests†¦SAT I, SAT II, ACT, and TOEFL. Fee waivers are available for students who receive free or reduced Lunch. Please ask your school counselor for a test fee waiver. Colleges require that student test scores be sent directly to them via Collegeboard (www. collegeboard. com) or ACT (www. act. org) or TOEFL (www. toefl. org). You may send your scores free of charge to a maximum of 4 schools if they are sent within the designated window of opportunity. You will have to pay a fee for any additional scores sent. 7. Begin Scholarship searches NOW! Do not wait until you have been accepted to college to begin your search for money! A good place to start would be scholarship database in Family Connection under the â€Å"College Tab† if you don’t know where this is, see Ms. Roth in the Career Center. 8. Keep organized. Put each school’s materials in its own folder and create a check list for each application. Identify deadlines!!! Remember that application deadlines and financial aid deadlines are often times different dates. 9. Don’t succumb to Senioritis! Don’t stop working after you have been accepted; you have been accepted to a college provided you finish out your second semester satisfactorily! Colleges are not afraid to change their mind on their decision to accept you. 10. RELAX! DON’T STRESS OUT! If you are, please see your counselor or Mrs. Roth in the Career Center for help with the process.

How has life changed since 1800? Essay

Life as we know it today in the modern world, is significantly different to the lives that our predecessors lived during the period 1500-1800. The changes across the centuries are the result of a process of advancements over time. This essay will examine life in the period 1500-1800 as highlighted in the work of George Blainey (2000) and will compare key differences of life in this early period, against life in the modern world today. Throughout this essay, the main focus will be based on three areas which have seen significant change over this period of time: the production of food, work practices and the standard of living. The advancements in these three areas, has led to societies living very different lifestyles in the current modern times. Day to day life in the period 1500-1800 revolved around hunting, collecting and cultivating food in order to survive. Grain made up 80% of most people’s diet and was used to make bread, beer, damper or gruel and in particularly lean ti mes, was mixed with water to relieve hunger (Blainey 2000, p. 410). Bread and beer were the basis of most people’s diet. Bread was so important to everyday survival that a baker could be hanged for selling an underweight loaf of bread. Blainey (2000) describes a life where most families owned no land, or if they did, it tended to be too small to sustain their food needs. The main priority was to provide enough food to feed their small communities and everyone, including women and children had to assist in this. As highlighted by Blainey (2000), most people worked on the land and the majority of work revolved around the production of food. Successful grain harvests were imperative to survival and everybody had to work together to reap, bind, carry and store the harvest. Woman and children did much of the rural work, such as weeding, carting water, spinning fibres, brewing beer, gathering firewood and making clothes. Many men as well as unmarried woman, left their own small farms or communities to go and work on larger farms or at different trades, which often incorporated meals as part of their payment (Blainey 2000, p. 409). While these workers could be sure of not going hungry, this meant the take home wages were low. Living standards as described by Blainey (2000) were bleak. Most people lived in one roomed,  small stone houses, often with four or more sharing one bed. Homes often remained unheated due to scarcity of wood (Blainey 2000, p. 423). People were largely uneducated and knew little about healthcare. Sewerage was disposed of in the same rivers that were used to drink and wash from. These contaminated rivers were used to supply water to the growing crops. This had a huge impact on health, causing infection in around two out of every three people in rural areas (Blainey 2000, p. 415). Lack of hygiene and knowledge of healthcare led to shorter lifespans. Life today in 2014 is vastly different to the period 1500-1800 as described by Blainey (2000). Survival no longer hinges on hunting and gathering food. In fact many people today give little or no thought to food production. Instead, we drive to a supermarket and buy whatever we want to eat. We have access to many restaurants and fast food outlets, so we not only have ample food at our fingertips, we don’t even have to prepare it if we choose not to. Advancements in production and using machines in place of humans (Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy 2011, p. 139) mean food is now farmed and produced on a much larger scale (Macionis and Plummer 2012, p. 113), this has freed people up to work in other areas. Now that people are not tied to working to produce food to survive, they have more time to get educated and learn new skills. Work in modern times has moved away from farming. Today’s society is an industrial and information based one that revolves more around accumulating wealth and material possessions (Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy 2011, p. 140). Woman as well as men, work outside the home in many different varied jobs, and children attend school. This is immensely different to life as discussed by Blainey (2000) whereby woman and children were home working on the land while men worked tending the harvest and work all revolved around food production. Living standards in today’s world are likewise very different than the period Blainey (2000) describes. In modern societies, many people live in homes that are large, with many rooms, furnished and full of material possessions. These homes often have heating and cooling at the push of a button, along with toilets, showers, clean running water and pantries stocked with food. They have warm beds to sleep in at night and clothing to wear that they don’t have to make themselves. Amongst their many possessions, people have cars to get where there want to go and televisions to watch. There are computers and mobile  phones to keep in touch with family and friends. There are health systems and education available to many societies. It is much more common for people to own their homes in these more modern times, (Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy p. 140) along with other possessions such as cars. In conclusion, life in modern times is very different than life was in the period 1500-1800. People from the period 1500-1800 worked to produce food to survive. People lived in poverty, ill heath was common, as was hunger. Advancements in technology have made this a thing of the past in many areas, although there are still societies where poverty does still exist. Although the world in the period 1500-1800 as described by Blainey (2000), was a great deal tougher than modern society, it was much less complicated than the world of today with all its technology. Many people live a privileged life these days, however today’s societies have lost a lot of the family closeness of working together that those in the period 1500-1800 had to have to survive. Progress will continue as the years go on, bringing with it both good and bad consequences. References Blainey, G 2000, A Short History of the World, Viking, Ringwood. Henslin, J, Possamai, A & Possamai-Inesedy, A 2011, Sociology: A down-to-earth approach, Pearson, Frenchs Forest NSW. Macionis J & Plummer, K 2012, Sociology: a global introduction, 5th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Harlow. Povos Indigenas no Brasil n.d., Yanomami family, digital image, viewed 22 November 2014, .

The New Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Right - Essay Example First coined by the YAF or Young Americans for Freedom in a 1962 article, it became widely used in the late 70s. I was also able to trace it back, in part, to the American â€Å"New Deal† opponents Brent Bozell and Clarence Marion, both writers who were pioneers of what later became a Southern strategy. Other major proponents of the movement were Friedrich Havek and Peter Viereck, whom I believe were two of its most eminent intellectual forbearers. The social changes that were blowing through America in the 60s and 70ms were not well received by everyone. Following the Roe vs. Wade ruling that established abortion rights; a fervent movement for the protection of unborn children was established1. I also see the Equal Rights Amendment as the driver of anti-feminism, which took root with some Americans contending that it eroded the traditional unit of the family and its values. From the readings, there was obvious shock among some Americans at what they viewed as sexual permissiv eness in magazines and film, whereas the gay and lesbian rights movement was attacked as sinful. With ever-increasing rates of crime and divorce, some Americans increasingly blamed the social maladies on America’s liberal welfare system2. ... However, by this time, there was not a lot that was new about this economic and political conservatism. In 1964, I already see that Barry Goldwater had made the repudiation of the â€Å"New Deal† his presidential campaign driving point, declaring that the government was running a dime store New Deal3. Increased welfare and social spending was to be cut to reduce tax burdens on families and individual Americans, whereas government regulations also needed to be reduced in order to re-establish personal freedoms and economic growth. In my opinion, the idea of a â€Å"New Right† took off in the 70s with foreign competition penetrating American markets, which caused people to believe that Goldwater was right. The New Right movement, therefore, was and not surprisingly, strengthened by the financial resources of big American corporations. The Christian Right was another linchpin for the movement, especially with numbers that had swelled since the 50s in the evangelical denomi nations. In fact, between 1963 and 1978, the number of born-again Americans had risen from 24% to 40%4. They had numerous faces, although I think the most important were fundamentalists like Jerry Falwell and the Pentecostalism leader Pat Robertson. I find it remarkable that, in spite of their deep theological divisions, all leaders in evangelical America agreed that there was moral decay in the country. The main points they rallied against were homosexuality and its effect on the family, the â€Å"abandonment† by the woman of her family role, liberal media, and its effect on the youth, and courts for â€Å"banning† religion public schools. In fact, even Catholic Americans agreed with their sentiments, claiming that the Democratic Party had been spending time chasing gays,

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing - Assignment Example The spa will offer massage in different variety of styles including traditional massage, deep tissue work, hot stone massage, pregnancy, reflexology, sports and others. (Bplans, 2010). Treatments on body and face using the best products such as Pevonia’s Anti Free Radical Treatment a...... Turnover will be a major consideration in formulating which marketing strategies to be used. Their type and their numbers are also equally important so as to bring a variety of the products to fit in the various types of customers. It will target potential clients both male and female within ten mile radius within our location at a busy plaza in the city. Both individual employees/self employed and non employed employees are also placed in the plan. In order to acquire clients, the spas will implement a very aggressive marketing and networking in the business community through advertising in the media and going to the business premises to carry out presentations, followed by offering the best services in the health spa business. Skilled therapists and trainers include the personnel. Their prices are also competitive in the area so will give a better financial advantage. Pricing approach includes; penetration pricing, promotional pricing and premium pricing. Penetration pricing is nor mally put first and includes setting the prices very low to gain market share. Promotional pricing comes in order to enable the business to buy for long term. Premium pricing will be used lastly which involves setting a very high price of the unique product to gain competitive advantage from the other competitors in the market. Social sites like face book, twitter, you\tube will be of great marketing help, and also in the company’s website. Sales promotion using short term incentives to encourage business to respond and undertake some activity and personal contact between Bodywise Health spa and prospective business clients through face to face meetings and tele-marketing will help maintain they spas competitive edge. The success of the business is

Belioz' Symphonie Fantastique performed by The Houston Syphony, Essay

Belioz' Symphonie Fantastique performed by The Houston Syphony, Conductor- Andrs Orozco-Estrada - Essay Example The orchestra ensemble consisted of brass and wind section, a string section and a percussion section. The string section occupied the front part of the stage facing towards the right wing and the conductor in the centre, raised on a podium. The cello and viola section filled up the other side of the stage facing the left wing and the conductor. The brass section occupied the farther end of the stage with instruments flutes (doubling piccolos), oboes (doubling cor anglais), clarinets (doubling E flat clarinets) and bassoons. The front row of the brass section consisted of horns, cornets, trumpets, trombones, tubas and ophicleides. The percussion sections consisted of timpani, cymbals, suspended cymbal, tenor drum, bass drum, bells, in scale C and G. The percussion section was located on the back left corner of the stage. There were a total of 10 instrumentalists in the brass section. The stage was set for what was to unfold as one of the finest love renditions of Hector Berliozâ€⠄¢s masterpiece composition Symphonie Fantastique. The version of the composition that was played live in front of the audience was a little dissimilar from the ones played in school orchestras. Program Contents The magnificent instrumental masterpiece, a thoroughly appreciated and celebrated musical wonder in France especially in its heartland capital of Paris, consisted of 5 movements that took charge of the flow and narrative of the composition. It consisted of the following 5 movements which were played on the evening of 26th October 2012: 1. Reveries  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Passions (Daydreams  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Passions) 2. Un bal (A ball) 3. Scene aux champs (Scene in the Country) 4. Marche au supplice (March to the Scaffold) 5. Songe d'une nuit de sabbat (Dream of a Witches' Sabbath) It was observed that the symphonies consisted an odd number (5) Symphonie than the conventional 4 symphonies composed in the Romantic Era of musical proliferation. 1. Title and composer of each selection on the pr ogram: The title of the musical movement is: â€Å"March to the Scaffold† 2. Genre: The Genre of the piece if Program Symphonie (Orchestral). It is a piece of program music. 3. Style of each selection: The style of this movement is 20th Century. Contemporary 4. Date of composition: The movement was composed in 1830 5. Performers: The performers were members of the Houston Youth Symphony Sinfonia Orchestra member. 6. Any characteristic or unusual sounds in the music 7. Your personal understanding of the music and your reaction to the work and its performance 8. The sources of information used for this report if any. (Ohio Link Music Center 1) Description of the Musical Piece in detail: The movement â€Å"March to the Scaffold† begins with root note/ anchor note E in the major scale with the wind section starting the performance. Percussive sounds filled up the background with cymbal strokes and bass drum stroked to set the rhythm and tempo. The wind section and percussi on section gradually increase the amplitude, slowly building up the mood and intensity of string and percussion strokes. This finally gives way to the string sections, in which the violins in the mid-range frequency dominate the overall sound. The phrasing of the notes is such that there is descent from the middle octave to the lower octave. The brass section is distinct and can be clearly identified playing the bass notes with the string instruments beautifully complementing the

Advertising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising - Assignment Example From the modest beginning, today it has grown into a consumer product giant with 400 brands. Their product portfolio includes those related to personal care, home care, food, hygiene, nutrition, health and beauty. These are used in more than 190 countries around the world, with dual headquarters in UK and Netherlands. Driven by strong and futuristic principles, the company registered a turnover of  £44.3 billion in 2010, the net profit being  £4.6 billion. It has 12 power brands that drive annual sales of more than  £1 billion. Unilever is a workplace for around 170,000 employees. The company’s success is hugely attributable to its belief in maintaining high standards of corporate behavior, be it at the consumer, stakeholder or community participation levels (Unilever, 2011). The sustenance of a brand in consumer product sector is dependent on its promotion, which is again largely shouldered by advertising. This is because of the competition in the industry and the need to reach out even to the remote population, in order to tap some extra space in the market pie. The pull effect caused by advertising in the consumer product range far exceeds that resulting from other methods of promotion, mainly because of its reachability, influence on consumer preferences and buying decision (Lamb & Dunne, 2010). Unilever also abides by this mode of promotion, due to the widespread nature of its operations and multiplicity of products. It sees advertising as a medium to explain the benefits of Unilever’s products, while actively engaging the consumers in improving not only the company’s products, but their own lives. The advertising and promotional expenses of the company amounted to 5.6 billion euros in 2010 (Unilever, 2011). Ad Age Digital reports that this advertising budget of Unilever is ranked second highest investment by various

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jean-Paul Sartre - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the roots of Jean-Paul Sartre’s Existentialist-Marxist understandings are deeply embedded in the objects of freedom (analytically) and personal struggle (history/personal struggle).   It is not only impractical to separate Sartre from his time-period, it is impossible.   Dissolution of people’s identities both spiritually and historically was being realized through the tragedies of World War I and World War II.   Combining these significant destructions with new perspectives concerning Psychology (through Freud, Jung†¦), Philosophy found a seemingly different path explaining â€Å"who we are† and â€Å"what is our purpose† as humans.   Sartre was heavily influenced by literature and art and through this media suggested an approach to perceiving the world as it is; ugly, grotesque’, self-absorbed.   This movement towards a more realistic or negative view of life differed greatly from the â€Å"Hope† offered by Leibnitz, Aquinas and other ‘positivists’.   Accordingly, Sartre felt the backlash from â€Å"Hopeful-ists† resulting in Sartre’s â€Å"Existentialism Is a Humanism† lecture in Paris, France 1944. In â€Å"Existentialism Is a Humanism†, Sartre spells out what Existentialism actually is.   Sartre says there are two kinds of Existentialist â€Å"the Christians...and atheistic existentialists† the latter being the group Sartre belongs to.  Ã‚  ... Perhaps Sartre’ wished to embolden and/or disarm his Christian detractors by enlisting Gabriel Marcel as a co-conspirator since Marcel, a converted Catholic, first â€Å"endorsed but later repudiated† (SEP) the Existentialist label. Adding a supremely ironic twist is Sartre first repudiating then endorsing the label of ‘Existentialism’ himself (Sartre.org). Sartre may have been reading Kant and his â€Å"Utilitarianism† by including Christianity as a default proponent; by utility. Sartre suggests the commonness of existentialists is the belief that â€Å"existence precedes essence.† This idea is novel in the scheme of Philosophy. Greek thought or philosophy from Plato suggested a â€Å"Realm of Forms† as the perfection of anything conceivable in perfect form. The ‘thing’ observed had a ‘perfectness’ illustrated in the â€Å"Realm of Forms† above and beyond the common illusionary perception of a living hu man being (Plato 68). Sartre defined reality as production of each individual perceiver’s understanding or capabilities without a definite ‘template’ or guide about what may or may not be true of the ‘thing’ perceived. This is Sartre’s ‘Freedom’ supposition: â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself† (Sartre 5). Here, Sartre follows closely in the footsteps of Spinoza by exacting ‘God’ from the realm of reality and describing a ‘natural’ or humanistic understanding of reality. Freedom, to Sartre, is not a political or societal extension; although it can be. Freedom is breaking the chains of bondage from â€Å"determinism† of perhaps, Calvinistic Christianity and allowing man the complete dominion of his or her own

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Case Study Example The NLRB had a justifiable reason to protect the employees based on the labor relations Act (National Labour Relations Board, 2014). If the case happened at the workplace, employees discontented with the working conditions would have the courage to protest. By that decision, employees would be possible that the NLRB addresses their welfare concerns (Nairns, 2011). As long as employees accurately present their case, they would have protection for their welfare. Employee relations in the work place improved because of the NLRB decision to protect the rights of the five employees. The decision set precedent that employers will lose to the NLRB if such a case happens again (Twomey, 2012). Proper communication channels need to be established between employees and employers to allow them air their complaints. If such channels do not exist, then employees are justified to present their grievances through the social media, as long as they are accurate. If the social media is to be used by employees then the information disclosed should be objective, unbiased and be justified by NLRB under the labor relations Act. The requirements allow the employees to access justice justified by the

Writing Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Writing Assigment - Essay Example In fact, it can be considered to be one of the most controversial topics with regard to law in a civilized society. The United States along with many countries in Asia still have laws that can sentence a person to death unlike most European nations, where this practice has been abolished. Even within country, not all states adhere to this law. Sixteen states in the country including the District of Columbia have removed death penalty as a form of punishment, but all other states still consider it lawful. In other words, a majority of the states still follow this form of punishment. This practice was accepted in the country during the time of colonization from laws that existed in the host countries of the colonizers. They then became accepted or rejected among the different states as mentioned above. There are strong proponents and dissidents with regard to capital punishment. These attitudes could be based on religious beliefs, social customs, or their personal viewpoints. Those who are for capital punishment put forth the following arguments as justification. Their primary reason is that members of the society have to be protected from criminals who commit more serious crimes like murder and capital crimes. It is the duty of the government to protect its citizens and that by providing death penalty; a capital crime will not be committed by the same person again. Their second reason is that this form of punishment will act as a warning and deterrent to other people with criminal tendencies. A death penalty risk will act as a strong deterrent and can help to prevent similar acts by other members of the society. The third argument is that the relatives and loved ones of the victims are entitled to retribution. If someone has murdered a member of the family, then the members can o nly obtain justice, if the murderer is treated in the same manner. There are strong arguments against death penalty from various

Solution to Ownership for the Condominium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solution to Ownership for the Condominium - Essay Example One resident, a 68 year old woman named Lillian Williams was reported to have expressed her concern for the molds in the next door unit that already contaminated and ruined her personal belongings.The root cause for the problem could be pinpointed to change in ownership for the condominium. The report by Tracy dated April 11, 2011 revealed that buyers for units in the condominium were attracted to purchase under â€Å"a complicated reverse-mortgage deal backed by the federal government† (Tracy, par. 10). Further, it was stated that â€Å"the former owner of Catalina Isles, Angel Lage of South Florida, has said he has no responsibility for the place because he does not have a financial stake in it anymore. The complex is owned by a homeowners association that relies on maintenance fees and rent for income† (Tracy, par. 11). As there have been a number of units that were vacant, the homeowners association could not afford to regularly maintain the place.With the problems identified, the possible alternative course of action should be taken from the perspectives of the local agency that governs community housing problems, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and from the points of views of the residents of the condominium. Since the local inspectors at Orlando have verified the conditions of the units, those units that were found to have violated the codes for housing could be condemned and residents could be forced to be evicted.From the points of views of the residents.... Since the local inspectors at Orlando have verified the conditions of the units, those units that were found to have violated the codes for housing could be condemned and residents could be forced to be evicted. From the points of views of the residents, they can already opt to vacate the place, especially those beyond repair and seek a reverse mortgage program from the HUD. According to the official website of HUD, a reverse mortgage is â€Å"a special type of home loan that lets you convert a portion of the equity in your home into cash. The equity that built up over years of home mortgage payments can be paid to you† (par. 2). The advantage of this option is that the residents would not be subjected to hazards of living in that dire condition. The disadvantages, however, are the need to look for another place to live in, and the hustles of applying for the reverse mortgage with HUD. Further, the reverse mortgage option is only available to homeowners who are 62 years of age or older. Another option for the residents, especially of those units that are still repairable, they should shoulder the costs of maintenance and repair themselves. The advantage of this option is that they would not need for another residential place taking time, money and effort to do so. However, they should contend with the costs of repair and maintenance of the units they occupy. An Orlando tax payer expressed his views on the matter saying that â€Å"unfortunately, the real losers are the American taxpayers. Why doesn't Lillian Williams just fix and maintain her condo? When my roof leaks, I don't call the news, I just fix it. Where in the constitution does it say that I have to pay for Lillian Williams to fix her dang home? Why should I have to pay to fix

Service Marketing-Pizza Hut Essay Example for Free

Service Marketing-Pizza Hut Essay A subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc. , the company oversees more than 11,000 pizza restaurants and delivery outlets in 90 countries worldwide. In October 1997, the company expected to become a subsidiary of Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. , formed from the spin-off of PepsiCos restaurant holdings. Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 by brothers Dan and Frank Carney in their hometown of Wichita, Kansas. When a friend suggested opening a pizza parlorthen a raritythey agreed that the idea could prove successful, and they borrowed $600 from their mother to start a business with partner John Bender. Renting a small building at 503 South Bluff in downtown Wichita and purchasing secondhand equipment to make pizzas, the Carneys and Bender opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant; on opening night, they gave pizza away to encourage community interest. A year later, in 1959, Pizza Hut was incorporated in Kansas, and Dick Hassur opened the first franchise unit in Topeka, Kansas. In the early 1960s Pizza Hut grew on the strength of aggressive marketing of the pizza restaurant idea. In 1962, the Carney brothers bought out the interest held by Bender, and Robert Chisholm joined the company as treasurer. In 1966, when the number of Pizza Hut franchise units had grown to 145, a home office was established to coordinate the businesses from Wichita. Two years later, the first Pizza Hut franchise was opened in Canada. This was followed by the establishment of the International Pizza Hut Franchise Holders Association (IPHFHA). It aimed at acquiring 40 percent of the companys franchise operations, or 120 stores, and adding them to the six outlets wholly owned by Pizza Hut. The acquisitions, however, brought turmoil to the chain. Varied accounting systems used by the previous franchise owners had to be merged into one operating system, a process that took eight months to complete. In the meantime, sales flattened and profits tumbled. In early 1970 Frank Carney decided that the company practice of relying on statistics from its annual report to inform its business strategy was inadequate, and that a more developed, long-term business plan was necessary. The turning point occurred when Pizza Hut went public and began growing at an unprecedented pace. Pizza Huts corporate strategy, arrived at after much consultation and boardroom debate, emerged in 1972. The corporate strategys first priority was increasing sales and profits for the chain. Continuing to build a strong financial base for the company to provide adequate financing for growth was the second priority. The strategy also called for adding new restaurants to the chain in emerging and growing markets. In 1970 Pizza Hut opened units in Munich, Germany, and Sydney, Australia. That same year, the chains 500th restaurant opened, in Nashville, Tennessee. Further acquisitions that year included an 80 percent stake in Ready Italy, a frozen crust maker, and a joint venture, Sunflower Food Processors, formed with Sunflower Beef, Inc. The same year, the menus for all restaurants added sandwiches to the staple Thin n Crispy pizza offering. In 1971 Pizza Hut became the worlds largest pizza chain, according to sales and number of restaurantsthen just more than 1,000 in all. A year later the chain gained a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Pizza Hut also achieved, for the first time, a one million dollar sales week in the U. S. market. At the end of 1972 Pizza Hut made its long-anticipated offer of 410,000 shares of common stock to the public. The company expanded by purchasing three restaurant divisions: Taco Kid, Next Door, and the Flaming Steer. In addition, Pizza Hut acquired Franchise Services, Inc. , a restaurant supply company, and J G Food Company, Inc. , a food and supplies distributor. The company also added a second distribution center in Peoria, Illinois. In 1973 Pizza Hut expanded further by opening outlets in Japan and Great Britain. Three years later the chain had more than 100 restaurants outside the United States and two thousand units in its franchise network. The companys 2,000th restaurant was opened in Independence, Missouri.

Literature Review On Determinants Of Economic Growth Economics Essay

Literature Review On Determinants Of Economic Growth Economics Essay There are numerous of empirical research on economic growth has been done in the past decades. The empirical study of determinant of economic growth by Barro (1991) has been an important reference to future study on the related fields. In this section, a brief review of factors that determine economic growth will be presented. The influences consider here included government spending, inflation, FDI and trade, financial development, and European integration. The size of the government expenditure and its affect on economic growth has been getting much attention in the past study. Ghali (1997) explored his research on the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth by looking at the interaction among the growth rate in per capita GDP and the share of government spending in GDP over the period of 1960-1996. He used vector autoregressive analysis and Granger-causality in his study and found that there is no consistent evidence that government spending can increase Saudi Arabias per capita output growth. This result was contrasted with the two study by Cheng and Tin (1997), Loizides and Vamvoukas (2005). Both study suggested that government expenditure Granger-cause economic growth. Cheng and Tin (1997) emphasize on the granger causality between government expenditure, money supply and economic growth in South Korea for the period of 1954-1994. They applying the same technique as Ghali (1997) and claimed that money supply affect growth as well but money supply doesnt Granger-cause government expenditure. However, the study by Loizides and Vamvoukas (2005) focused on the causal link between the size of the public sector and real per capita income within the bivariate and trivariate frameworks on their sample countries of United Kingdom, Ireland and Greece. They have draw out three conclusions, first, public expenditure Granger causes growth in the short run and long run in all of the sample countries. Second, both bivariate and trivariare framework shows that increase in output would cause growth in public expenditure in Greece. Third, their trivariate model has indicates that causality from national income to public spending in Greece and British. Therefore, the different result from these study lead to a conclusion that in certain circumstances, changes of government expenditure do not necessary cause changes in the economic growth when government spending deliver services in an inefficiency way. Inflation was another controversial debate issues. Malik and Chowdhury (2001) observed the relationship between inflation and GDP growth for four South Asian countries which is Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. They employed the co-integration and error correction models to the annual data retrieved from the IMF International Financial Statistics. They established two results : (i) inflation and economic growth are positively and statistically significantly related for all four countries. (ii) the sensitivity of growth to changes in inflation rates is smaller than that of inflation to changes in growth rates. These results have crucial policy implication, that is, although moderate inflation foster economic growth feeds back into inflation by stimulating the economy. Another study by Faria and Carneiro (2001) claimed a divergent view from Malik and Chowdhurry (2001). They have measure the relationship between inflation and economic growth in the context of Brazil which has been undergone severe inflation until recently. This study has constructed a bivariate time series model (vector autoregression) with annual data for the period between 1980 and 1995, they argued that although there is a negative relationship between inflation and economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, economic growth does not affected by inflation. Thus, this result supported the theories of hyperinflation usually associated with economic depress and political and social upheavals and as a result, it is against the perspective that inflations affects economic growth in the long run. In addition to that, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade were another influence that determined economic growth. Makki and Somwaru (2004) have analyze the role of FDI and trade in promoting economic performance across 66 developing countries, and the interaction among FDI, trade and economic growth by adopting unrelated regression (SUR) method and instrumental variable (3-stage least squares) approach over the period of 1971-2001. They brought to four interesting results. First, the variables of FDI and trade have a strong positive relationship. Second, FDI stimulates domestic investment. Third, macroeconomic policies and institutional stability is the precondition for FDI-driven growth. Fourth, economic growth would facilitated by a lowering inflation rate, tax burden, and government consumption. Similarly, the study of Yao (2006) investigate the effect of export and FDI on economic performance by using Pedrons panel unit root test, and Arellano and Bonds dynamic panel data estimating technique on the sample data of 28 Chinese provinces. This study has stressed on two essential strategies that adopted by Chinese government to explained why China can be success in the long period. One was the export-push strategy that replaced the self-reliance and import substitution strategy and the other was the adoption of foreign technology and international business practices through the uses of FDI. Their data also indicated that openness can boost economic growth if the unforeseen risk can be managed in the proper way. Financial development was the fourth factor. Liang (2006) inquired the impacts of financial development on the pattern of regional economic growth in China. The GMM approach has been employed in his research throughout the period of 1990 to 2001. He mentioned that financial development significant contributes to the economic growth in coastal region but not in the inland regions. Even though the structure and the size of financial sector in China are the same, financial function provided by the financial sector might vary across region. Meanwhile, Ang and McKibbin (2007) included financial liberalization in his observation. This research evaluated whether financial development leads to economic growth or vice versa in the economy of Malaysia. Their analysis was consistent with Liang (2006), which is financial development leads to economic growth. Variety of approaches being used in this study and the empirical evidence asserts that financial sector development in Malaysia can be stimulated through financial liberalization when the repressionist policies have been removed. Moreover, financial depth and economic development tends to have a positive relationship. They also view that economic growth would generate higher financial depth in the long run. Growth effects of European integration will be the last factors we discuss here. Henrekson et.al (1997), estimated the effects of European integration in EC and EFTA on economic growth. Their analysis has been conducted across a large sample of both developed and developing countries. They comprised a dummy for membership in EC or EFTA during 1976 -1985. They addressed that there is a significant and positive effects on economic growth but the effects became smaller and significant when the sample was restricted to 22 developed and OECD countries. The effects do not change for membership in EFTA as in the EC due to the technology transfer instead of investment. All the empirical study by these researchers provided a useful guidance for both domestic policy makers and the development partners. Nevertheless, more prospects might be explored on the determinant of economic growth, especially corruption. As in Malaysia, it is a significant variable that should be tested on.

Visiting Milan, Italy- The Fashion Capital

Visiting Milan, Italy- The Fashion Capital Milan- The Fashion Capital Salve (Greeting in Italian) The fashion capital of Italy, the city of Milan oozes fashion and luxury. This city is a shopper’s paradise that is world renowned for its various flagship brand stores and boutiques. The fashion shows held during spring and autumn brings the world’s best supermodels, fashion designers and paparazzi to Milan .It is also the financial and business capital of Italy. Despite being known as a fashionista’s city, Milan has numerous historical buildings and churches that beautifully showcase its rich heritage. It is also well known for its art galleries. Milan brings out a beautiful blend of the modern lifestyle and the medieval culture and heritage attracting numerous travellers throughout the year. It is also home to A.C.Milan, the famous Italian football club. Best season to visit Milan Milan experiences moderately hot summers and cold humid winters. During winters from November to February, average temperatures can fall below freezing point and snow fall is quite common. Summers are sultry and humidity levels are high. However the skies are clear and the months from July to September is recommended as the ideal time to visit Milan. Highlights (Things to do and experience in Milan) Stroll through the fashion streets  of Milan to experience the upscale fashion world and trendiest clothing. Enjoy a fashion show  where the latest fashion styles and designs are showcased. Watch a football match  featuring the local club A.C.Milan at the famous Giuseppe Meazza stadium. Enjoy the aerial view  of Milan from Duomo roof which offers a spectacular panoramic vista of the city. Explore the electric nightlife  of Milan at any of the numerous clubs, pubs and restaurants. Relish the traditional Italian preparations like Pizza, pasta, macaroni, etc. at any of the authentic Italian restaurants or cafes. Also popular are the numerous Italian ice cream shops. Hotspots of Milan (Things to see) Zona Centro Storico- Duomo/ Milan Cathedral Situated at the heart of Milan at Dumo square, this majestic cathedral is the 3rd  largest in the world and the biggest tourist attraction in Milan. The spectacular roof, outer faà §ade, spires and statues leave most visitors awed. One can also climb up the spires to enjoy the lovely views of Milan. Museo Del Duomo showcases the construction details of the majestic Cathedral. Piazza Del Duomo Located in the center of Milan, this is the most well-known and beautiful square in the city. It houses the 18thcentury royal palace, the cathedral, galleria, statues and numerous other historical structures. Museo Del Novecento Situated in Duomo square, the museum displays 20thcentury art. La Scala theatre This 18thcentury opera house is one of the world’s most famous ones which has had many popular artists perform. Bagatti Valsecchi museum Converted from a 19thcentury mansion, this museum houses a massive art collection of Italian renaissance. Piazza Mercanti This medieval square also known as Merchant’s square is quite captivating and has numerous buildings and houses in gothic style architecture. Pinacoteca Ambrosiana This museum houses some of the fantastic works by popular Italian painters like Da Vinci, Raphael and Cravaggio, and is definitely a must visit during your Milan holidays. Ca Granda Old Hospital With captivating pathways, this is one of the most prominent buildings in Europe from the renaissance era. Piazza Castello- Castello Sforzesco It is a large castle where the rulers of Milan lived during the renaissance period. It presently houses many museums. Parco Sempione This large landscape garden is quite popular and houses a lake, a tower and an arch. Museo Della Triennale, which is located here, is a famous design museum. Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele Built in the late 19thcentury, it is considered to be the oldest shopping mall in the world. In addition to the shopping experience, its architecture and designs would leave even the non-shoppers delighted. Cimitero monumentale This massive cemetery is arguably the world’s most beautiful one with fabulous sculptures and tombs. Pinacoteca di Brera This museum showcases a wide range of art collections and Italian paintings. The iconic painting â€Å"The Kiss† by Francesco Hayez is displayed here. Santa Maria delle Grazie- Chiesa Di Santa Maria delle Grazie A UNESCO world heritage site, this basilica is one of the spectacular creations of the renaissance era. Both its exterior and its interior works are absolutely stunning. The Last Supper The very famous painting by Leonardo Da Vinci is exhibited here. Tickets are sold pretty fast and it is best advised to book itbeforehand. Basilica di Sant Ambrogio Built in the 11th  century in Lombard Romanesque style, this basilica is well known for its exquisite architecture, altar and pulpit. It was partially destroyed during World War II. Chiesa Di San Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore Another UNESCO world heritage site with numerous paintings, this church is a tribute to the renaissance era. Cinque Vie historical district This is the ancient Milan! With numerous ancient roman sites, buildings and churches this must visit place in Milan takes you back to a bygone era. Shopping in Milan Milan is a world renowned fashion trendsetter and a fashion shopper’s paradise. The city boasts of a wide range of shopping avenues like designer’s emporia, retail outlets, unique boutiques and second hand shops. Major fashion brands like Armani, Gucci, Dolce Gabbana, Prdad and many more have their premier flagship stores in Milan. There is absolutely no dearth for shopping avenues in Milan. Fashion Quadrangle This fashion paradise situated between Duomo square, Cavour square and San Babila square has numerous streets with prime brand shops, prestigious boutiques and upscale showrooms. One can find a wide range of luxurious, glamorous, trendy and fashionable clothing. The most popular streets in this hopping area are Montenapoleone Street, Vittorio Emanuele Street, Manzoni Street, Sant Andea Street and Della Spiga Street. This is a must visit destination and one of the major Milan tourist attractions for shopaholics. Buenos Aires This Street has a wide range of shopping avenues, is a shopper’s paradise and is considered the longest in Europe. Brera district Along with numerous fashion stores, it also has many art galleries, cafes and restaurants. The open air markets here offer some wonderful merchandise. Fiera Di Senigallia This flea market in Porta Ticinese area opens up on Saturdays making it a great place to stroll around and shop. Brand stores Major brands have their flagship stores, boutiques and designer stores in Milan and have a cornucopia of fashion merchandise. Other shopping avenues Piazza Del Duomo, Via Dante, Piazza Dan Babila, Galleria Victor Emanule and Corso Giacomo Matteoti are the other wonderful places to shop in Milan. How to reach Milan- Milan has two international airports, Malpensa and Linate. Malpensa with two terminals is the main airport and has shuttle services between the terminals. Malpensa express trains link the airport to central Milan. There are also frequent buses which connect the airport to the city center. Taxis are easily available from Malpensa to central Milan, but are expensive. Linate airport is closer to the city and majorly serves the domestic flights and a few from other European cities. There are numerous bus and taxi services that run between Linate airport and Milan city. Trenitalia (state railways) trains connect Milan with almost all other Italian cities and with many European cities such as Barcelona, Zurich, Munich, Paris, Vienna, etc. Milan is well connected to other Italian cities by various motorways and one can easily drive into the city. Lampugnano, the main bus terminal of Milan provides numerous buses to and from Milan. How to get around Milan Metro With three different lines (red, yellow and green), Metro is the best way to get around Milan. Trams Trams still play a big role in the transportation industry of Milan. Colored in green, yellow and orange, they are a true symbol of Milan and very convenient to commute across Milan. Buses Buses are comfortable, punctual and connect to various parts of the city. Trains Milan also has a suburban railway system connecting metro area towns with the city center. However, they are not as frequent as the metro. Taxis Taxis are expensive and can be either booked via phone calls or can be hailed on the street. Cars Driving cars around the city center during peak office hours is definitely not recommended as Milan is well known for its traffic congestions. Walks Many of the major tourist destinations are within a short walk away from each other. Also some of the tourist spots have been made pedestrian only making it all the more enjoyable. Top areas of Milan Centro Storico The major tourist attractions revolve around this area, which is filled with museums, galleries and historical structures. The very popular Milan Cathedral is also situated in Centro Storico. As a result, there are numerous cafes, restaurants and hotels catering to the wide range of tourist requirements. Stazione Centrale Stazione Centrale is the main railway station of Milan. There are numerous shopping avenues, restaurants, cafes and some of the best Milan hotels in this area. Porta Venezia Porta Venezia is one of the historical gates of the medieval Milan. There are presently numerous shops, supermarkets and one of the ideal places for budget accommodation in Milan. Centro- Brera Located in the center of the city amidst all the historical buildings and numerous shops, Centro Brera is one of the top areas of Milan. Navigli With numerous bars and cafes, Navigli is well known as a pre- dinner drink area and frequented by both tourists and residents. Citta Studi Citta Studi is a popular area which houses numerous hotels. The various branches of University of Milan and a number of prominent hotels are also located here. San siro- fiera Milano city Stadio Giuseppe Miazza, a popular football stadium is located here and is a popular tourist spot. Porta Romana Well known for its former historical gate, Porta Romana has numerous buildings, shops and hotels. Sempione This area is well known for its Sempione Park and Piazza Castello which has numerous tourist attractions. Bicocca- Zara With numerous hotels, restaurants and shops, Bicoca Zara is a preferred area for accommodation by tourists. Grazie (Thank you in Italian)

Real Boys Essay -- English Literature Essays

Real Boys While Reading the book Real Boys by Dr. William Pollack, I realized that our society is holding boys to contradictory standards aiding the problems that many of them face while in adolescence. This book introduces the reader to numerous boys who share their feelings of shame and despair in trying to live up to the "Boy Code". Pollack feels the pain that comes from boys prematurely separating from their mothers puts them on the cycle to hardening themselves emotionally. The one acceptable emotion becomes anger. Throughout the book Pollack encourages parents to take time with their sons in helping them express their feelings while showing them empathy and love. Pollack discusses the ways parents can help their boys escape from the gender straightjacket that is imposed upon them. Pollack exposes myths that negatively portray boys as macho creatures shaped by testosterone with no social skills. He instead presents examples of boys who are emphatic as a result of nurturing parents and educates the reader to be aware that boys express their love through action and work. Pollack includes chapters regarding the different but equally important role of mothers and fathers in bringing up their sons. He also writes about the effect of healthy relationships with peers and the devastation that some boys feel when they discover they are homosexual. Pollack takes on the schools in failing boys in a number of ways but specifically for failing to understand the Boy Code. Boys continue to lose self-esteem as the mask of masculinity tightens and they conform to what society expects from them, interfering with their ability to learn effectively. Dr. Pollack not only gives us the problems that face the adolescent boy he also gives us suggestions to remedy and rectify the situation. This is nice instead of simply offering negative statements he actually offers the reader a solution. Another beneficial aspect of Dr. Pollack’s writing is the fact that he uses so many references to his research and the research of other notable psychologists instead of over emphasizing the personal instances in his own life. When he wants to emphasize a point with a real life person, he uses a third party. When speaking of these contradictory codes that a young boys is taught to live by, Dr. Pollack says: "Boys have had to learn to walk a fine line. Have intimacy without sentimen... ...ollack talks on breaking down gender stereotypes; he seems to perpetuate them by seeming to insist that the mom be the central part of upbringing. Extensive sections on single moms but the only discussion of single dad households is two sentences which state that research showing relatively positive outcomes (i.e. relative to mom getting sole custody, not relative to intact families) is controversial. Pollack notes that Dads are more likely to suffer from depression after a divorce but does not draw the logical reason. Dads lose far more than moms in a divorce. Yes moms economic status goes down more, but she tends to keep what is really important... the kids. Even today the courts are horribly biased against men in divorce cases. A mom must be totally unfit to not get at least joint custody, dad has to fight for minimal visitation rights. These are however minor quibbles with the book, the central principle of the book: Today’s boys are in big trouble, and much of that tr ouble stems from never being allowed to show any negative emotion other than anger, is a very important one. Boys are not toxic they need our love and support, even if they put on a tough self-sufficient disguise.

Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History by Romila Thapar Essay

It was during the year 1026 that Mahmud of Ghazni raided the Somanatha temple for its wealth, leading to the destruction of its many idols. In Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History, Romila Thapar explores the distinct narratives that were written at the time by placing them into the historical context of the period. Her goal, through this monograph, was not to reestablish how we perceive the history of the raid, but to instead study the diverse perspectives and views represented in the various sources collected on the topic. Historical interpretations range from the Turko-Persian narratives of the period to the Colonial writings long after the raid. Through the investigation of the sources one would hope to point out the variations in the texts, and then analyze why these deviations in the story came to be. Thapar’s findings would assist any historian in determining the nature of these sources and the way they are currently used. One must remember that any and all sources co uld be of significant importance when looking at the attitudes of the individuals of the time. The Turko-Persian narratives contain a multitude of different versions of the raid on the Somanatha temple by Mahmud of Ghazni. Persian scholar Al-Biruni provides historians with the most realistic version of the events surrounding the raid. He believed that because the Somanatha temple was constructed of stone and placed in an area surrounded by sea on three sides it had to be guarding wealth. Mahmud was in fact able to conquer the Somanatha temple for its wealth, subsequently taking pieces back to Ghazni. Turkish raids to India were originally focused on obtaining animal herds, but the reason for them now was to loot urban treasuries and capture prisoners of war... ...itish Colonials’ short term goals, but this course of action would leave long lasting effects on the people of these two cultures. All in all, Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History hopes to study the diverse perspectives and views represented in the various sources collected on the topic. The hope is that this will allow historians to better understand the various perspectives on the period. In order to get the true picture of an event one will need to analyze all of the possible views of what actually occurred. Historical interpretations range from the Turko-Persian narratives of the period to the Colonial writings long after the raid. Any event, such as the raid on the Somanatha temple, can prove to be more complicated then one would ever believe at first sight. Works Cited Thapar, Romila. Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History. London: Verso, 2005. Print.

Anatomy Case paper Essay

You are a first-year RN student and you volunteered to work for San Antonio Hospital in the ER Department. Patient John Doe was brought by the ambulance after he collapsed at work. The triage nurse is assessing him for further evaluation by the ER Physician on duty. Based on your study of Anatomy and using your critical thinking skills, you were given the following criteria about Mr. Doe: 1. Personal History: 65 years old, married with two children. 2. Medical History: Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Renal Stones, Anemia, Acne, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Muscular Dystrophy, Hemiplegia, Coronary Artery Disease, G.E.R.D. and ED. The Triage Nurse asked the patient to wait for his turn, until Dr. Johnson examines him. A. Definitions: Diabetes Mellitus: a disorder in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin, or cells in the body stop responding to the insulin being produced. This causes high levels of glucose in the blood and cannot be absorbed into the cells in the body. Hypertension: is abnormally high blood pressure, blood pressure is a type of measurement to be able to tell what the force is against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. Renal Stones: a Kidney stone is a solid mass which is made up from crystals that separates from the urine and builds up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. Anemia: is a condition where the body has a deficiency of healthy hemoglobin (red blood cells) to carry adequate oxygen to the tissues in the body. Acne: is an inflammatory skin disease that occurs when the hair follicles becomes inflamed or infected due to clogging of sebaceous glands. Prostatic Hyperplasia: benign enlargement of the prostate gland. Muscular Dystrophy: is a group of inherited disorders that involve muscle weakness and muscle loss gradually decline over a period of time. Hemiplegia: is paralysis of one side of the body. Coronary Artery Disease: condition due to a blockage or narrowing of small blood vessels that supply the blood and oxygen to the heart. Gastroesophagel Reflux Disease (G.E.R.D.): condition due to when the muscle at the end of the esophagus doesn’t close causing the stomach contents (food or gastric acid) that leaks backwards from the stomach into the esophagus. Erectile Dysfunction (E.D.): a sexual dysfunction which is the inability to achieve, or maintain an erection of the penis long enough to engage in satisfactory sexual intercourse. Blood Calcium level: Normal values range from 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL. Note: gm/dL = grams per deciliter Hemoglobin: Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL Female: 12.1 to 15.1gm/dL C. Based on your knowledge of the normal values and Mr. Doe’s condition, explain the homeostatic disturbance of each problem that Mr. Doe suffers from. Diabetes Mellitus: Hemostasis in correlation with diabetes is the hemostatic system which is responsible for checking, maintain, and balancing the proper rise and fall of glucose levels in the blood. In Mr. Doe’s body since he had diabetes, his pancreas produces too not enough or no insulin. People with type II diabetes is normally developed later in life and becomes resistant to the effects of insulin overall, but can be reversed and controlled. Hypertension: Homeostatic disturbances that could be responsible for Mr. Doe’s HTN could be a result from some of the medication he is taking. Another factor is his weight, diet, and lack of physical exercise. In a normal system the force of blood against the artery walls doesn’t have a negative effect. Therefore, would not cause physical him to have any serious health conditions. However, when a person like Mr. Doe suffers from HTN, the force of the blood against the artery wall thus resulting in heart disease. Renal Stones: In a normal system the calcium levels in the blood are at a safe level, and helps with contracting muscles, releasing hormones making sure that nerves and the brain are functioning properly. In like Mr. Doe who has too high calcium levels in his blood can cause renal stones can begin to develop. Renal stones block the ability of homeostasis to occur. When these calcium deposits get lodged and block urine from being able to exit in order empty out the bladder, thus the body isn’t able to function properly. Anemia: Healthy hemoglobin (red blood cells) are extremely important in a person’s system, because they are rich carriers of oxygen to the tissues in the body. When a person like Mr. Doe loses this ability many negative symptoms can occur in the body. The cause of Mr. Doe’s anemia may be a result from any Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) he may be on for any number of the other complications he is suffering from. He may also have a vitamin deficiency which would be a factor in low iron levels. Without proper homeostasis it would be easy to understand why a patient like Mr. Doe is experiencing this condition. Acne: In a normal system the hair follicles on different surfaces of the body function properly and do not become clogged. When a person has hair follicles becomes plugged with oil from the sebaceous glands mixed with dead skin cells will result in acne. Homeostasis correlates to the removal of toxins from the body, and causes a disturbance which results inflammation and infections in the skin. Prostatic Hyperplasia: As men age they are more prone to experience enlargement of their prostate glands. Mr. Doe is experiencing this condition which is more common for men his age, due to the homeostatic disturbance in his hormones and cellular growth. Muscular Dystrophy: Muscle fibers in a normally functioning system are extremely touch and resistant to damage and injury. In a person who is suffering from muscular dystrophy these fibers become weaker gradually over time and become more susceptible to damage. This is caused to defective genes that are involved in making proteins that protect the muscle fibers. Disturbance in homeostasis could factor that is responsible for some of these genetic mutations. Hemiplegia: Most people have normal functions with movement on both sides of their body. When someone like Mr. Doe suffers from one side of their body having the same paralysis and limitations of movement. This is most often the leading culprit that is heard about hemiplegia. The homeostatic disturbance in Mr. Doe’s system related to HTN which could also be what is causing his movement disorder. Having a stroke could also be responsible for this condition and may have gone un-detected and untreated because Mr. Doe may not have realized he was having a stroke. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): The coronary arteries (which are the major blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen, blood and nutrients) can become damaged if a high amount of cholesterol is continuously deposited over time. Homeostatic disturbances such as HTN and diabetes are indicators of why Mr. Doe is experiencing this disease. This is turn can cause him to suffer from a heart attack. G.E.R.D.: In a normal functioning system after a person eats a meal the food goes to the stomach to begin the digestion process. The homeostatic disturbance that causes a patient like Mr. Doe to experience a reflux of stomach acid relaxation of muscles in the lower esophageal sphincter and its failure to close and prevent the back flow of food or liquid from returning upwards. E.D.: As most men age and are in Mr. Doe’s age begin to start experiencing issues, or complications with their prostate and the ability to perform sexually. A patient that is younger is able to maintain an erection for a longer period of time and perform a satisfactory sexual intercourse. Not have to worry or be concerned with experiencing this complication. Due to the fact Mr. Doe has an enlarged prostate gland and diabetes could be a leading indicator resulting in some of the homeostatic disturbances that is resulting in him having erectile dysfunction. D. Upon histological examination of mammal pancreas under the microscope, describe the different features of this Specimen. Figure 1 Anatomy of the pancreas Upon histological examination of a normal human pancreas the Aplha cells which produce glucagon, and Beta cells which produce insulin can easily be identified under the microscope. The bulk of the pancreas is an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic fluid into the duodenum after a meal. However, scattered through the pancreas are several hundred thousand clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. Upon histological exam of a human pancreas with diabetes it is easy to identify the difference in the cells from a healthy pancreas. The reason is due to the fact the Beta cells are either attacked, or rejected the insulin which is causing the insulin production to be affected. The alpha cells are responsible for elevating the glucose levels in the blood which are also being affected due to the diabetes. The following describes the process of insulin in the pancreas: The islets are endocrine tissue containing four types of cells. In order of abundance, they are the: †¢ beta cells, whi ch secrete insulin and amylin

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

Learning is a raw(a) ability that is wired into many a nonher(prenominal) animals deoxyribonucleic acid the way that humans should learn has been debated by the various educators because of the endless ways to teach. teachers and p subatomic particleic number 18nts fill this matter seriously like Ralph Waldo Emerson in From Education and Todd Gitlin in The Liberal humanistic discipline in an Age of Info-Glut who created essays on breeding and Billy Collins in The tale Teacher entail for thusly and who wrote a poem concerned with the status of discipline.These masses visualize what the importance of pedagogy is entailing what larn should and should non involve a instructor should respect and have exertion for children a teacher should also let a child have creativity and lessons of the other(prenominal) tense. many an(prenominal) teens do non respect their teacher which great power be because the teacher does not respect them as the golden precept goes, treat ot hers the way you would treat yourself Ralph Waldo Emerson in From Education would probably agree with this refer because he strongly believes that, the secret of education lies in respecting the pupil, (page 102).Shows that Emerson unders withald what children atomic number 18 thinking past did or sothing to cooperate them by simply respecting them. other big issue with education is perseverance some citizenry do not have enough intentness to turn tail children to what they are supposed to learn. Emerson also believes that patience is an important part in education, to conceive the young children, they require no doubt, rare patience a patience that nothing that faith in medial forces of the soul can perish, Emerson was trying to say that psyche has to truly care in govern to teach information to children (page 105).Some people do not see the pip in having art classes or accounting classes the reason why is because art assists scholarly persons to impart themse lves in a way that row cannot along with helping them stupefy emerge what kind of person they truly are and history is postulate to teach children where they originated from and to show them mistakes that other people in the past made so they go forth not make them again.Todd Gitlin in The Liberal liberal arts in an Age of Info-Glut agrees with this learners need some orientation to philosophy, history, language, literature, music, and arts that have lasted much than 15 minutes, (page 156) because students need the outlet to dribble themselves or if they do not they would not learn morals then they would reach exactlywhat people were trying to hang-up as sh cause in The History Teacher by Billy Collins who stated, the children would set forth his classroom for the playground to torment the sick and the smart, all because the teacher tries to encourage his students white he told them the Ice Age was in truth skilful the Chilly Age, a flow rate of a million years whe n everyone had to split sweaters.And the Stone Age became the Gravel Age, named by and by the long driveways of time, this demonstrates how not teaching children lessons of the past which are the brood violence that others commit in history by not teaching this history it affects childrens doings in real life (page 143). ethical motive are right and wrong many peoples morals will differ this is why teaching them is foxy because the teachers morals might not be the same as the parents morals.This is why some of the history in textbooks is sometimes just the summary of what really happened but not enough for the main point to be set across unlike in The History Teacher where, the Spanish pursuit is nothing more than an outbreak of questions such as How far is it from here to capital of Spain?, and the War of the Roses took place in a garden, and the Enola Gay dropped one tiny atom on Japan, explains when a teacher goes too far in trying to protect students mind from gloomy whe n only good is taught and everything else is censored then the students become the opposite because they do not know the consequences of doing bad, which is why history is taught.As teachers and parents they have to let their students make their own choices as shown in From Education Emerson says, it is not for you to use up what he shall know, or what he shall do, shows that sometimes a student needs to find out the consequences the hard way, and let them choose what they want to learn (page 143). Education is needed in modern day corporation to help students and children grow and help the domain by giving students proper education the teacher are not really helping the students but they are helping themselves.Teaching creativity helps a student express themselves respect should be apt(p) so the student can give it back patience is needed to help them understand morals need to be taught through history so the student will make fewer mistakes these are essential to a good educat ion and an even better future as shown by the writings of Billy Collins, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Todd Gitlin.

Effects of conflict on productivity Essay

List of Figures and bowsPageStudy creation accede 3.18Response ordain -Table 4.19Ca aims of deviation Table 4.29Ca habits of infringe Pie Chart 4.110 make of b aside Table 4.310Effects of battle Pie Chart 4.211(vi)Chapter One en pass judgmentway1.1 inventionLucgeor Enterp jump offs was registered in 1998 as a parking area merchant tune but specialized in supplyof printed and general letter paper amongst early(a)s. Since its registration , Lucgeor has neer looked grit and save dominated the supply of stati 1ry to to the steepest institutionali touchdness of the businesses in Mombasa and surrounding towns.The c exclusivelyer-up has 43 members of cater who ease up the indispensable skills and commitment to the i breeds of the government activity in altogether respect. The wariness of Lucgeor efforts argon people of presbyopic standing ascertain in the Printing and stationery business. They guard instilled good team movement and democratic worry of the face which has seen the discernment take a jumper cable in the stationery supply business.The corporation aims to gain a huge market circumstances done various come upes including cost leadership , benefit divers(prenominal)iation and focused attention aimed at persuading their customers and authorisation clents iof their quality supporter provision and paper bag friendly prices. The comp each makes good use of ICT to execute its clients olibanum saving on time and costs.Lucgeor Enterprises which is base at Bondeni area along Abdel Nasser Street, has for the last twoand half(a) years been going through more or little differences among and amongst its ply. The employments fuddle in out slowed or derailed the radiate operations of the community and more than importantly bear on its service delivery to key clients who adjudge had to custody for hours or days for goods to be delivered. This tr end is various in the past tense when service prov ision took precedence over all else. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTThe comp any(prenominal) has had strained dealing amongst its workforce lately which hampers its service deliv eryactivities. The complaints registered with commission regarding poor service delivery to customer sare becoming the norm earlier than the exception. If the trend is non arrested in good time, the fix of the divergences inwardly the ecesis whitethorn end up destroying the company and with it the livelihood of a good moment of employees and until now the owners.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE hire(i) To establish the pee-pees of involvement at Lucgeor Enterprises (ii) Effects of negates at Lucgeor Enterprises and(iii) To search for toy with solutions to the employments.1.4 seek Questions(I) What are the eccentrics of engagement at Lucgeor Enterprises?(ii) What are the nighbodyal effectuates of mesh at Lucgeor Enterprises and? (iii) Which are the nigh abstract solutions to the deviations? 1.5 JUSTIF ICATION OF THE military issue(i) To the ResearcherThe study would bowl over the investigator a first hand experience on what causes employments, appointment situ ations, make of contraventions on organisational productivity, teams and team work and hope in full enable the queryer to find beaver booking populaceagement approaches which could support governments in impinge t o worst such(prenominal) bout stakes in their governments in the shell way possible . 1recommendations habituated as anecdotes to the passage of arms geticulars in the physical composition soly unlocking the potentials of the business to serve its customers effectively by managing the contrasts sensitively .(iii) To separate ResearchersThe study would give future police detectives ready learning for reference objectives and to enable them fill the gaps that whitethorn be noned and hopefully improve the conflict measure , containment , avoid ance and precaution activities in o rganizations indeed enhancing corroborative industrial relations in organizations, besides change magnitude the body of knowledge available for consultation and experimentation. (iv) To scene Kenya UniversityFuture tecs would utilize the findings of this study for reference purposes and the insane asylum upon which they whitethorn further their search on conflicts, establish on available findings , conclusions and recommendations indeed filling the gaps that whitethorn be noned and hopefully improve the conflict prevent , containment , avoidance and precaution activities in organizations thus enhancing demonstrable indus relations in organizations.1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDYEffects of Conflict on Organizational productivity study, was an distinguish out to understand the effects of conflict amongst employees of an organization on their productivity and the overall productivity of the organization in achieving its objectives.. The study was conducted amongst the employees o f Lucgeor Enterprises at their holding of work at Bondeni area and it took approximately 6 months. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY(a) lack of TimeThe police detective overdue to time boundts was faced with serious juggling among the research work ti meand the daily work reckon responsibilities, all of which required a piece of his time. Fortunatelythe researcher was able to work through and ensured that none was addicted a raw deal and the project sinless in time.(b) Limited In fixationThe researcher due to the spirit of organisational policies and communication strategy, received l mited i learning on the basis that the providers i.e the stave, never fully trusted the intentions of the researcher. But to authenticate the randomness provided, the researcher went the extra mile to independently v erifythe same with the top management who were more than ordain to clarify provided information and eve tied the relax ends thus affording the researcher a clear sketch of the in f rmation required for the oresearch work.(c) Reluctance by employees to respondThe researcher faced the prospects of failure by the ply to respond to interviews, upshot questio nnaires.The employees reluctance to respond, our investigations base were due to fear of victimization by management for divulging company information to outsiders whose intentions were non clear to them. To vanquish this, the researcher consulted the management who gave unequivocal pledge to the staff that they lead not be victimized since the researcher was a scholar whose details they had authenticated and was only when doing research as part of their course work. the assurance saved theday and enabled them to respond tyrannically given the requirements of the project.2Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIONConflict is a common denominator to all affectionate life. It is an conducted part of our lives becauseit is related to notes of scarce resources, division of functions, billet rel ations and division differeniation. tBecause of its pervasive and indirect nature, conflicts have led scholars and administrators to qu estionwhether they understand its hold still foring and relevance and how high hat to cope with conflict should one deck up. The normative conception of conflict, strongly influenced by a concentration with stability and equilibrium in organizational designing, cerebrate conflict to violence, destruction, inefficiency and irrationality This form of intellectual shortsightedness was especially invidious in adverting that administrators have th e province of avoiding, controlling or eliminating conflicts. descriptive approaches challenge the upstanding basis and rationale of these assumptions. They earmark usto depart from an outmoded paradigm by suggesting that any social fundamental inter fill in which the parties (however they whitethorn be structured or defined) compete for scarce resources or determine have the potenti l for aconf lict. utilise the term in broad sense , we suggest that conflict refers to all kinds of antagonis ticinteractions. More specifically, it crapper be defined as a space in which two or more partie have sincompatible objectives and in which their perceptions and deportment are able with the incompatibility. This definition is purposely broad. It suggests that conflict is a social phenomenon that is undercoat in person-to-person, crowd or organizational interactions.Conflict t here(predicate)fore has several dimensions.Fink 5 distinguishes among(I) Antagonistic- psychological relations and(ii) Antagonistic behaviorLikewise Pondy 6 observes that conflict is make up of (I)Antecedent conditions (ii) Affective conditions(iii) cognitive conditions and(iv) Behavioural conditionsWe therefore amelioration a conception which emphasizes its three, interrelated dimensions, namely (1)Conflict situation (the raw material incompatibility)(2) Conflict attitudes (Range of psychological sit uationors) and(3) Conflict behaviour (set of related behaviour)Conflict refers to more than just expressed behaviour. Concentrating only upon its behavioural manifestation is an extremely close exercise. The three dimensional conceptions of conflict emphasizes the ne d to econsider the situation in which parties (Individuals, groups or organizations ) come to possess incompatible name and addresss, their structure of interaction and the nature of their goals. We have to consid eremotional (e.g distrust) and Cognitive ( e.g Stereotyping) orientations that accompany a conflict situation as strong as a meander of action undertaken by any party in a situation of conflict. 2.2 Theoritical Review / Conceptual kindworkStephen Robbins makes a strong case for the need for a more rea leaningic approach to conflict with his Interactionist Approach. He states that there are three basic motorbusial attitudes toward conflicwhich the identifies as traditional behavioural and interactionist. The traditionalist, following our so cialteaching believes that all conflicts are destructive and managements role is to buy off them out of th eorganization. The traditionalist, therefore, believes conflict should be eliminated. Thebehaviouralist seeks to rationalize the existence of conflict and accurately perceives conflict as inevitable inomplex corganizations or alliances. thus the behaviouralist accepts it . The Interactionist views conlict as fabsolutely necessary, encourages opposition, defines management of conflict to include stimulationas well as resolving power and considers the management of conflict as a major(ip)(ip) responsibility of all administrators.3The interactionist view is accepted and encourages conflict. Avoiding a disagreement doesnt make t go iaway. We need to be aware of conflict and make conclusivenesss about what we are going to do about it. Conflicts only become blackball when it is not approached and adjournd. Lack of communication amongst gro up members can lead to avoidance of conflict. When that happens, the group can lose its effectiveness. group members and leaders need to to be able to resolve conflict successfully. Likeany another(prenominal) leadership skills, conflict management can be learnt.Conflict worryConflict is inevitable in any interpersonal relationship or among members of any group. Whereas we meet various types of conflicts in our lives, we are at a lose as to what to do when one arises. Ma nypeople pass to leave conflict situations e.g if one breaks out in a group. Why do we shy away from dealing with conflict? . It is because we were raised to believe t hat conflict is some(a)thing to beavoided, an experience of failure. However conflict does not have to lead to failure, or even to the termin ation ofrelationship. we all come to see and experience the innovation in a different way, and we all have different ideas about what is best for my group or our group. Recognizing this feature can foster shift us from the negative conclusion that conflict is a signal of failure.Styles of Conflict prudence(a) Competing An one-on-oneistic resolutenesss his or her own concerns at the expense of the other person. This is a power oriented mode. Competing whitethorn even mean standing up for your adjusts, defending a positio n which you believe correct, or simply trying to win.(b) reconciling The opposite of competing When accommodating, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to fulfill the concerns of the other person. there is an constituent of ego generate this inmode. Accommodating might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another persons modulate when one would prefer not to, or yielding to another persons point of view. (c) Avoiding- The individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict Avoiding may take form of diplomatic sidestepping of the issue, postpo ning an issue until a pause time or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation. (d) Compromising The objective is to find some expedient, mutually acceptable solution which partiallysatisfies b parties. . Falls in the middle of Competing and accommodating. oth(e) Collaborating- The opposite of avoiding . Collaborating involves attempt to work with the other person to find some solution which fully satisfies the concerns of both persons. InitiationThe almost effective way to confront conflict situation is to state the manifest effect a conflict ha on you. s(f) officious listening Negotiators must(prenominal) be capable of hearing the other personspoint of view . . while listening, do not think about how to reply in order to persuade . . argument provoking replies should be avoided.. Active listening involves paraphrasing or restating what the other says. Idea or . Content should be considered as well as feelings.(g) Problem solving. Clarify the line of work subsequen tly the preceding(prenominal) steps, each party should have a clear idea about what is the tangible issue.. rag about what is needed or wanted ( be clear on facts and information). . Generate a list of possible solutions.CONFLICT CAUSESNations, organizations and groups are made up of individual pitying beings. distributively person has through experience developed a set of abide bys and evolved a set of behavioural rules. These values and rulesare sufficiently alike in a given smart set to allow justice, morals and ethics to exist and take a shit gener l aagreement about what is right and what is wrong. But the value-rule set for each individual is a uncommon set not fully dual-lane by other humans..These differences in value-rule sets are most likely the basi ccauses of conflict.4Another major cause of conflict is the motivation of the separate individuals. Each person is motiv atedby a unique tip of satisfaction in a set of needfully. It is kinda likely that in a given situation the individual concerned will be aiming their personal efforts at slightly different objectives. such(prenominal) objectives may be similar enough to permanentit conjunct effort but sufficiently different to createsome conflict. A common example is the hot line occupied by umteen air force officers as a operator of staying in touch with the troops. This opportunity to short roundabout superiorvisory gestates often antagonizes intermediate passenger vehicles, who may learn of a problem only when the commander confronts them with it.. because, too, it may be possible for all to be motivated to behave toward the same goal act but to feel that the goal, when attained, will not be great enough for all to share adequately in the reward. Conflict may then pass by as each person strives to attain their place in the sun. EFFECTS OF CONFLICTSConflicts have both imperative and negative effects. It can be positive when it encourages creativity, natural looks at old co nditions, the clarification of points of view, and the development of human capabilities to handle interpersonal differences. All of us have experienced a surge of creativity when we perm the itideas of others to trigger our imagination, as for example in a brainstorming session. Conflicts can be negative when it creates subway to change, establishes turmoil in organization orinterpersonal relations fosters distrust, builds a feeling of defeat or widens the chasm of misunderstanding. . Unfortunately the term conflict has only the connotation of bad for many people, so much that they think principally in terms of supplantion, giving microscopical or no attention to its more positive side.THE PERSON AND THE ORGANIZATIONConflicts occur when the require and goals of the individual are not in harmony with the objectives a nd goals of the organization. Chris Argyris, in his discussion of man versus the organization, indic ates the heights likelihood of the traditional goals and stru ctures of organizations may be in conflict with the needs and goals of the personalities in the organization. This maybe reflected in the efficient and omni potentbureaucracy that places wildness on hierarchy, specialization of work, established norms of conduct ,and definitive rules, often forgetting or overlooking the individual and his unique qualities. Traditionally, personal values tend to be inappropriate toward organizations, big government, big business, bureaucracy, and the military.Again, conflict can arise when interdependency exists. Employees become dependent on the organization to give their lives direction and moment. Such dependency allows them to escape cock the burdens of personal responsibility. whereas we praise individualism in workers, the organization often require that sthe individual be treated impersonally. Efficiency requirements in organizations also acts as a sou of rceconflict because they regularly demand that the goals and needs of the organizati on be given higher precedency than the rights of individual. We therefore yield to the proposition that conflict betwixt organizations and personal values is normal and a fact of life.Managing the inherent conflict betwixt individual needs and organizational need demands a high degree of self sense on the part of the manager. What am I unbidden to do in match of these needs? How much can I hold up of the needs of other human beings in the organization and still serve the great good of the company?One major influence on the managers actions or decisions will be his basic concept or philosophy about the nature of man. Douglas McGregor presents a famous dissertation on this subject in the considera tionof Theory X and Y. Argyris offers a number of managerial consideration as well us Abraham Maslow propositions of various assumptions for managers to adopt for an enlightened approach to the individual-organization conflict situation. Research has led to conclusions that potential indivi dualorganization conflicts are heightened as management acts to reduce orconstrain the individual opportunity to decide. Organizations tend to make concluding decisions without input of the employees wi th the expectation that no mistakes would be made, no errors. This fosters conflict as the expectation may sbe overwhelming. Unless the organization is supportive to the individuals problem -solving efforts, such conflict continues and worsenedns5his ideas.Another source of individual versus organizational conflict is generated by the new man versus the old man. The innovator is always in a less supportive environment than the entrenched old hand. 1. Chris Argyris, spirit and Organization (New York harper Torchbooks,1957), Chapters III andVII. 2. Douglas McGregor, The Human military position of Enterprise (New York McGraw- Hill, 1960) 3. Argyris, pp.232-374. Abraham Maslow, Eupsychian Management (Homewood, Illinois Richard D. Irwin, 1965), pp. 17-33 5. Harry Levinson, The Exceptional administrator A psychological Conception (Cambridge, Massachussets Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 204-7.6Argyris, p. 2347. Fredrick W. Hertzberg, The Wise experient Turk Harvard Business Review, September- October 1974, pp. 70-80.Sources of conflictFor managers to effectively manage conflicts, they need to understand their source. Basic sourcesof conflict are, semantic , role , values. Semantic sources are those stemming from some failure in communication. Traditionally, semantic has to do with the meaning of words, but here that is just one phase of its role. We use semantics to point out major source of conflict as the failure of two individuals to share fully the meaning of a communicative attempt. The cause of the failure may be technical problems in the communication movement (static, filters, barriers etc)., or they may be ac tualdifferences in perception and understanding. The result being an absence of agreement thus conflict .Role sources are those that rise out of the varying perceptions of people about the expect behaviours of themselves and others. some of these come from the status and position levels in organizations. Others come from the structures and processes devised by management to organize work, channel effort ,and coordinate activity. Value sources have their foundations in the individuals value sets of people. These value sets readily contribute to differences between people because they are different. Theycause each of us at times to respond or behave in an unexpected manner because we are behaving as located by a value set not fully shared by our associates, hence a sense on their part of a difference between us. What is effective in one value conflict situation may not be in the next. The separation as statedabove is for the knowledgeable researcher and other resource persons. But our daily conflict is a combinatio of nelements from more than one source. We can not therefore say that the three sources are distin ct. E achaffects the others to some degree.Individual reaction to conflictSince conflict may be positive or negative, there may be a range of reactions to conflict. Such rea ctionsmay range from high expectations and sport to absolute rejection. Broadly, an individual in conflict situation has only two options i.e sign up or ship out. Massie and Douglas identify certain situation of quandary in the conflict situation which they call partition off of indifference 8. Joseph L. Massie and deception Douglas, Managing A Contemporary Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, New tee shirt Prentice- Hall, 1973), p.219.MEANS TO RESOLVE OR REDUCE CONFLICTBasic to other considerations in resolving conflicts is that the parties to the conflict need to tr st each uother and must be capable and willing to locate the source of the conflict. Conflict situations pre sentdifferent options to the concerned parties. We can decide to do naught about the conflict. But what will be the result of non action?. If one remains in conflict situation then sooner rather than posterior the tension will increase and one of the parties will strive to win over the other o to drive him or her out. Or even rworse, the losing party may become more self-assertive or hostile and counter attack the element frustr ting aThe result of non action may be dysfunctional as the decision to do nothing may not be the best in certain situations while it may be good in some.One mode often applied in conflict situations is the use of super ordinate goals. For example, the entire work force, taken as a whole, is something of a super ordinate goal uniting foreign groups bene ath that umbrella. The manager gets the group to see how conflict affects productivity, thus reducing, the smaller groups stake in the overall organizations success. The approach is similar to the common competitor approach, wherein the groups in competition find unity think an outside group as a common enemy. . This unity can hide or fall conflict in groups.A unique method to resolve conflict is to increase interaction between impertinent groups by physically exchanging persons between conflicting groups. For example, if the gizmo unit is having difficulty dealing with the thingumajig unit, a temporary shifting of people between these groups could help the conflicting elements learn the others problems and frame of reference. the result could be better communications, greater understanding and less future conflict. The quickest resolution is a face-off meeting. The manager should however, be warned that confrontation requires complete preparedness on his part.He must have the facts of the conflict siuation tand confidence in his self-control and his ability to use diplomacy, tact and problem solving. But then, he must appreciate the fact that confrontation may worsen not better the situation. Basic to this efforts to resolve or reduce the conflict is the idea of avoiding win-lose situations. Sports and other recr eational activities often ingest their flavor by win-losesituations, but the same may not be good for an organizational conflict situation. There are situations where the manager may seek to repress confl ict.This is true where the differences between the two conflicting elements are not relevant to the organizational task. Such conflict is bad to the organization. These differences are petty and self serving, thereby causing activity in which the participants try to win to preserve the sanctity of the original stand. A significant aid to the manager in such conflicts is an understanding of the human process of perception, process of use stimuli in accordance with our values, rules, wishes, an dfears. With this understanding , the manager may explain to the conflicting parties how they are read the situational data. thus may find ways to suppress the conflict. 9. Dubin Robert. Human Relations in Administration twenty-five percent Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- H all, 1974.10. Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, Management of Organizational behaviour, bite Edition.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.2.3 Critique of Existing literary works relevant to the studyBased on past studies and review of major issues, it has been established that conflict has a grea timpact on organizational effectiveness. numerous studies have captured the basic foundations of the co nflictand therefore have provided the organizations with the data and information on best approaches to give in conflict situations. However, the many alternative approaches may not fit every organization and thus some may require unique combinations that may be difficult and hence require high levels of understanding by the management to handle and credibly prescribe best solutions to.7Chapter Three methodology3.1 Research pictureThe research design in the case of Lucgeor Enterprises was the collection of data through intervie ws,questionnaires , observations and surveys. Then the relevant data was sieved and refined to conform with the requirements of the study.3.2 existenceLucgeor Enterprises has an employee tribe of 43 persons both permanent and casual. Because the population was small , the researcher took the whole population for the purpose of data collection. Table 3.1 Study population part no.of RespondentsAdministration5Finance4Marketing6Procurement & Stores11 exertion17Total433.3 sampling FrameDue to the small no of employees , the whole population was considered and thus given equal treatme nt. 3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique nary(prenominal) samples were taken as the whole population was taken for consideration. No technique was thus utilized as the whole population was considered.3.5 InstrumentsThe instruments that the researcher applied in the process were, questionnaires and interviews to corroborate some of the information provided. Use of questionnaires were relevant and convenient because the respondents were all liter ate and thus were able to fill the forms independently. 3.6 info Collection ProcedureThe researcher prepared 43 pieces of questionnaires which he diligently distributed to all employee of sLucgeor Enterprises. the respondents were bespeak to fill the questionnaires within two weeks an d throw the same to the researcher.3.7 entropy Processing and AnalysisData makeed from the respondents through the questionnaires were cleaned, then selected into vari us ocategories by coding . They were then analysed by use of quantitative and qualitative techniques . the information generated from the analysis were thus presented in the form of tables, pie charts, andbar graphs.8Chapter Four look FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS4.1 IntroductionData was presented in the form of tables, pie charts and graphs, which made the interpretation4.2 PresentationThe researcher presented the data in various forms which captured all the areas of interest to the studyas follows.4.3 Response rate.The researcher admini stered 43 questionnaires of which the gift rate was 41 thus constituting an average of 95%. The resolution was such that the researcher was able to gather fully the necessary daa tfor the study.Table 4.1 Response rate.No of questionnairesadminsteredNo. of questionnairesreturned4341Percentage95%4.4 Causes of Conflict at Lucgeor EnterprisesThe researcher administered 43 questionnaires of which the return rate was 41 thus constituting an average of 95%. The response was such that the researcher was able to gather fully the necessary daa tfor the study.Table 4.2 Causes of ConflictCauses of conflictNo. of respondentsPercentage paltry Management1229% short Remuneration1639%512%820%Lack of educational activity and skillsIncompetence amongst staff9Pie Chart 4.1 Causes of ConflictNo. of Respondents distressing ManagementPoor RemunerationLack of readingincompetence amongemployeesAnalysisFrom table 4.2 and chart 4.1 , the causes of conflicts at Lucgeor Enterprises were as follows. Poor Man agementPoor Remuneration29%39%12%20%Lack of prep and skillsIncompetence amongst staffThe above information shows that the one issue which the employees feel as the main cause of conflict with management is poor remuneration. The second item that they prioritize as a major conflict are is athe management of the organization. While the other conflict prone issue is lack of training and skills. The employees feel that the people put in forethought of departments are not decently trained and thus lack the requisite skills to manage the departments. This thus results in incompetency of the employees to perform their tasks effectively.Effects of ConflictTable 4.3 Effects of ConflictEffects of conflictNo. of respondentsPercentagePoor Performance2356%Lack of want1127%37%410% prohibit Stereotyping deformed Perceptions10Pie Chart 4.2 Effects of ConflictNo. of RespondentsPoor PerformanceLack of MotivationNegative StereotypingDistorted PerceptionsAnalysisFrom the above information, the main effect of conflict in organizationsaccording to the responses are, Poor performance, Lack of motivation, Distorted perceptions and Negative stereotyping in that order.DiscussionFrom the above responses, there is a clear pattern regarding the cause and effect relationships amogst nthe various factors at play. It is expenditure noting that the cardinal goal of any organization is the exploit of efficient operational performance and productivity within the standard working hours. When an organization can not achieve the projected production levels within the set time lines, it is a cause to worry. An analysis of the causes and effects gave us results as stated below.The main causes of conflict as stated above is the research were Poor remuneration, Poor management, Lack of training and skills and Incompetence amongst staff in that order. While the effects of conflicts in organizations are, Poor performance, Lack of motivation, Distorted perceptions and Negative stereotyping.11Chapte r louvre succinct, Conclusions and Recommendations5.1 IntroductionWorkplace conflict is a major concern for most companies. It is inevitable in any situation where human beings operate. People have different values , beliefs and ways of life which they probably hold dear or believe to be the best as opposed to what other people have or believe in. Away has to be found to balance the various interests and align the same with the organizational goals. Proper clays of managing conflicts enables organizations to achieve the best out of such conflicts as well as meet the objectives and goals of the organization.5.2 SummaryIf managed poorly or avoided altogether, conflict can be extremely costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to get out value and promote a healthy workplace. Many organizations arefinding that their conflict management systems have been good financial investments, producing a healthy return. In addition, they are recognizing the v alue of many less tangible benefits (e.g. improved morale, lower turnover, increased efficiencies, and improved unrestricted relations). A rigorous four-phased process of(i) Assessment(ii) Design(iii) Implementation and,(iv) Operation and evaluation helps organization design effective conflict management systems to reap the upper limit benefits of conflict management.The above four phased approach to conflict management, encourages the Conflict Management System (CMS) team to in truth seek to understand and incorporate the needs and interests of all affected constituencies and create an environment in which benefits of the CMS system can be effectively communicated, implemented and adminstered.5.3 Conclusions productivity losses add up quickly when workplace conflict is not pro-actively and successfully managed. Over a number of days, months and years, multiplied by the number of employees affected, the trustworthy money value lost can be staggering. It is evident that there are tremendous advantages to pre-emptively deal with conflict in the workplace before it escalates beyond an organizations ability to resolve, or , worse , even contain it.A well intentional CMS can have a significant positive impact on the quality of life if its employees, as well as its bottom line. Specifically, addressing the cost of conflict in the workplace can have a transformative impact on the overall health and wellbeing of an organization. 5.4 RecommendationsThe management of an organization needs to focus on the best methods of handling conflicts and their resolution. This may involve(I)Management groomingThe training may have several components which may include(a) The introductory partThe training should high spot the various causes , effects and outcomes of conflict situations. This will help to lower the frequency of destructive conflicts and reduce the impacts on the organizational operations. Such training would afford the trainees the necessary greater sense of se lf-awareness in dealing effectively with all types of conflict situations. Implementing a well -thought out training program to address the harmful effects of conflict is like performing preventive medicine. 12the other components of the training would include(b) Conflict cognizance training Communication Training(d) Negotiation Training(e) Manager Awareness(f) apathetic third -party InterventionsB) increase supply SalariesIn order to motivate employees, the management should consider raising the salaries of employees as away of do them to perform effectively.C) Improving the Management of the CompanyA deliberate effort and resources should be employed towards management development . The Management development should be tailor-made towards enhancing the managerial skills and interpersonal skills of management staff thus ensuring proper management of the organization. Again the management should be encouraged to adhere to the rules and regulations, procedures and laws governing industri al relations thus having good working relations with staff.D) Staff Participation and Team workingTo avoid negative stereotyping and disjointed communication, the management needs to focus on improving the participation of staff in decision making in the company besides ensuring that proper communication between employees themselves and between employees and management is cordial thus eliminating negative feeling and other forms of undesired practices amongst staff, which may strain their working relationships.13 inditeDubin Robert. Human Relations in Administration quaternary Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, Management of Organizational behaviour, present moment Edition.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1974.Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York McGraw- Hill, 1960) Abraham Maslow, Eupsychian Management (Homewood, Illinois Richard D. Irwin, 1965), pp. 17-33 Harry Levinson, Th e Exceptional Executive A psychological Conception (Cambridge, Massachussets Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 204-7.Chris Argyris, Personality and Organization (New York Harper Torchbooks,1957), Chapters III andVII. Argyris, pp.232-37Argyris, p. 234Fredrick W. Hertzberg, The Wise Old Turk Harvard Business Review, September- October 1974, pp. 70-80.Joseph L. Massie and John Douglas, Managing A Contemporary Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice- Hall, 1973), p.219.14AppendicesQuestionnaireForewardI am a student of Mount Kenya University, taking an undergraduate degree class in the field of Human Resources Management. As part of the requirement for the fulfilment of the course work, I am required to carry out a research study on the effects of Conflict in the workplace. I have chosen y ourorganization, as the most potential one because of its size, convenience and reputation for the purpose of the study. I have prepared worldwide questions regarding the subject mat ter to enable me gather information andgain the much needed insight. The information given will be treated with utmost confidentiality and purely for the academic purpose. Kindly give the most appropriate responses by ticking one of the options providedName departmentPosition / Rank1. What are the main causes of conflict within the organization? Poor ManagementPoor RemunerationLack of training and skillsIncompetence amongst staff2 . What effect does conflict have on employees productivity? Poor PerformanceLack of MotivationDistorted PerceptionsNegative Stereotyping3 . What is the most effective Conflict Management method?Avoidance quislingismOpen confrontation secrecy feelings154 . What kind of conflict management strategies does your organization use in resolving conflict in the organization?AvoidanceCollaborationOpen confrontationHiding feelings5. What are some of the costs associated with conflict in your organization? disoriented Man-hours due to conflictAbsentieesmLost busine ss due to delays in executing jobs mash inefficiency6 . Does the organization have conflict awareness training programme for its management? Yes.No.If the answer to the above question is yes, please give the dates and how many times in the recent past7 . What kind of conflict awareness training does the organization offer to its management? CommunicationNegotiationNeutral Third partyCoaching16