Lusitania Essay -- essays research papers

Lusitania It was 2:10 p.m. on May 7, 1915. Leslie Morton, a lookout on the Lusitania, screamed, "Torpedoes coming on the starboard side." Two explosions followed. Within 18 minutes the huge liner, once the largest ever built, sank to the bottom of the Celtic Sea. 1,195 out of the 1,959 people aboard died. Walther Schwieger, commander of the German submarine U- 20, who had fired a single torpedo 750 yards away from the ship, later called it the most horrible sight he had ever seen. The Lusitania entered service between Liverpool and New York on September 7, 1907. Funded by the British Admiralty, the Lusitania, built by the Cunard Steamship Company, was required to double as an auxiliary cruiser in case of war. This was a secret agreement between the Admiralty and Cunard. On May 12, 1913 she was put in drydock to be double plated and hydraulically riveted, as well as modified for the application of guns. War was declared on August 4, 1914, and the ship was sent again into drydock. There she was armed with 12 six-inch guns(Simpson 60). Britain wanted to ship war materials over the Atlantic, but there was an embargo of shipping munitions on passenger ships. America also tended to publish the cargo manifests so that the Allies as well as the Germans would know what is being shipped. Britain found a loophole in this. New cargo added at the last minute did not go on the original manifest, thus a supplementary manifest would be submitted 4 or 5 days later. Also, due to t...

Interview a Professor

If freshmen can make a personal connection with Just one faculty member, their chances for success at JUS are vastly improved. Therefore, this professor interview is designed to get you talking to one of your professors outside the classroom. Make the interview into a conversation. If you see this as a quick item of busy work, you will not really get to know the professor. Don't go in, ask the questions, and keep your head down the entire time scribbling notes Instead, really listen to the professors responses and ask follow up questions that interest you.Remember, the goal of the roofless interview is to get to know one of your professors, not to write down his or her exact words. Don't worry about taking down every word your professor says instead, take some notes on key ideas. If you truly listen to the professors responses, you'll remember all you need to write up the interview questions afterwards. To free you up even more to listen and interact with your professor, you might co nsider recording the conversation with a device like your cell phone and then transcribing the interview later.However, before recording, always ask the professors permission iris Believe it or not, but professors were once students too, so take the time to really get to know this professor and what insight he or she can give that might help guide you through your own college experience. This should be a professor who you interact with in some way (advisor, class Instructor, faculty advisor of an organization, etc. ). This assignment should be completed In a face-etc;-face meeting Interview Questions 1. Name of professor. 2. What Is the name of the department In which the professor teaches 3. What courses does the professor teach 4.What Is the professors favorite course to teach 5. What Is the reason the professor chose this area In which to major 6. What degrees did the professor earn From what schools 7. How has higher education changed since the professor was In college 8. What a re the professors Interests, hobbles, recreational actively, etc. 9. What Is the professors favorite book, TV program, movie, etc. 10. What Is the professors Idea of an Ideal student Why 11. What kind of student was the professor 12.

Review of Article the Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Work Behavior

The objectives of this research are to examine the influence of organizational culture on employee work behavior. Moreover, there are to explain the influence that organizational culture has on employee work behavior, to formulate recommendations regarding organizational culture and employee work behavior. There are a few questions that were asked, in order to measure the result. In addition, the method was used in this research is a survey research method. Plus, respondents were selected by using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through questionnaire. Data were presented and analyzed by means of simple percentage and the hypotheses were tested by chi-square test statistics. However, the result of the findings shows that organizational culture i. e. norms, artifacts, values, traditions, assumptions and belief influences employee work behavior. Recommendations were also made to the organizations that will find this study relevant to their course to make their culture simple and easy to grasp and adhere to so that their employees can be free to put in their best. In addition, the organization should build trust among the employee and managers by using Islamic perspective. Review Each of us has a unique personality – traits and characteristics that influence the way we act and interact with others. When we describe someone as warm, open, relaxed, shy, or aggressive, we’re describing personality traits. An organization, too, has a personality, which we call its cultures. And culture influences the way employees act and interact with others (Robbin & Coulter, 2012). However, not all organizations that have cultures influence employees’ behaviors and action. The organization with strong cultures has more influence rather than weak cultures organization. In this study we can see the result from analyzed the data that the culture is one of the key elements that organization must be concerned, as the top manager can take the attention of this topic and make change to the organization by motivate the employees through improve the organization cultures which can be done through many ways such as through organization stories, rituals, language or material artifacts and symbols. In addition, the result of strong culture may lead employees to improvement of performance, responsibility and well-being. Moreover, in the organization hould build trust among the employees and managers by using Islamic perspective in order to perform more efficient and receive effective outcomes within the organization. Summary and review of problem statement and purpose of study The importance of employee’s performance or behavior will appear on their work which the organizational culture is one of many factors that drive the employee’s work. There are many researches in different area of studies related to this topic. Hence, there is no widely accepted causal the relationship between organizational culture and employee work behavior in the last few decades. The empirical evidences emerging from various studies about the effect of organizational culture on employee work behavior have so far yielded mixed results that are inconclusive and contradictory. Because of these contradictory results, the question of whether organizational culture improves or employee’s work behavior is getting worse still worthy of further research. In addition, despite the existence of these studies, very little attention has been given to developing countries. This means that the impact of organizational culture on employees’ work behavior has not received adequate research attention in Nigeria. Thus, there is a major gap in the relevant literature on Nigeria, which has to be covered by research. This research attempts to fill this gap by studying the situation of the Nigerian service industry and providing more empirical evidence on the effects of organizational culture on employee work behavior in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is: (i) To ascertain if organizational culture influence employee work behavior. (ii) To find out if organizational culture affects organizational productivity. (iii) To disclose whether a change in organizational culture could lead to a change in employee work behavior Review From the problem and the purpose of this journal tell us that they want to prove whether the little thing that organizations in nowadays less concerned which is organizational culture may influence the performance of employees by using empirical evidences with Nigeria Nestle industry. Addition, to indicate that cultures within organizations was an interesting topic to be study and can be a significant affect within the organizations. Summary of the Literature review Conceptual framework of organizational cultural Organizational culture has been appeared in various field of human science studies such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. The study of organizational culture is widely defined by many scholars yet the definition is not mainly accepted (Ojo, 2012). Organization culture has affected on productivity of organizational activities which mean it has influence outcomes of the company in term of performance, commitment, self-confidence and ethical behavior. In other words organizational cultural is one of vital elements organization's success that manipulate employee work behavior. Defined the organizational culture According to Morgan, 1997 defined organizational culture as one of the metaphors used for organizational analysis. He suggested that the basic of organization involves in the development of shared meaning, beliefs, norms, values and assumptions which are shaped by organizational behavior. Another definition of organizational culture is a set of values that help organization members know which is acceptable and that which is unacceptable within the organization (Ojo, 2010). Thus , in our opinion , organizational culture is values which involve in beliefs, norms and perspectives within organization which it help shaping the member's behavior and perceive what is right and wrong within the organization . Organizational values According to Jehn, (1994) & Hall (1999) explained that organizational values are expected to produce higher levels of productivity , job satisfaction and commitment . In this statement, it can be said that organizational values are also key in organization behavior which it affect on each individual and organizational outcomes of the company. How organizational cultures develop The values and norms which are the basis of culture formed through 4 ways 1. By leaders in the organization 2. through critical incidents or important events 3. through effective working relationship among organizations members 4. Through the organization's environment There are seven dimensions organization culture that could be used to compare culture across organizations are innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, individual vs. team orientation, aggressiveness and stability Types of organizational culture according to Handy (1993) 1. Power culture: Control or power emanate from the centre, personal power predominate. This culture serves the figure head and the leader 2. Role culture: bureaucratic nature; roles more important than the people who fill them; position power predominates, and expert power tolerated. This culture serves the structure. 3. Task culture: The focus is on completing the job; individuals’ expertise and contribution are highly valued; expert power predominates, but both personal and position power are important; the unifying force of the group is manifested in high level of collaboration 4. Person culture: A loose collection of individuals – usually professionals – sharing common facilities but pursuing own goals separately; power is not really an issue, since members are experts in their own right. This type of culture serves the individual. According to Handy (1993) describes that the culture within organization affects the way that it operates and it's member behave. So in our opinion suggest that the culture in organization it affects both physically and mentally which means it causes both the way they think and act within organization among the members. Concept of behavior Human behavior is complex, it is not easy to study and define as others studies because human beings are different from one another in term of perspectives, cultures, and beliefs. However, the operant conditioning model is one model that used to explain human behavior. Conditioning is a systematic procedure through which associates and responses to specific stimulate learning ( Hollinshead, Nicholls and Tailby, 2003). Operant conditioning is defined as â€Å"a type of learning in which the desirable or undesirable consequences of behavior determine whether the behavior is repeated† (Sorensen, 2002). It is also known as instrumental conditioning. The probability of an event occurring depends on its consequences. Summary of the research methodology In this journal, the research methodology that the authors used is survey research. The theoretical population of the study consists of the entire workers of Nestle Nigeria PLC, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. The technique to select the participating respondents is the stratified sampling because it is effective coverage and lower cost. Thereafter, a total of 55 employees were selected using simple random sampling method which the employees were stratified into junior, intermediate, and senior cadres. Yet the returned of complete questionnaire is only 50 to be used in analyzing. The Primary data collected through the administration of questionnaire were used for this journal. The questionnaire was titled â€Å"Organizational Culture and Employee Work Behavior Questionnaire† To ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used for the study, even number of experts was consulted to look at the questionnaire items in relation to its ability to achieve the stated objectives of the research, level of coverage, comprehensibility, logicality and suitability for prospective respondents. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed, summarized, and interpreted accordingly with the aid of descriptive statistical techniques. Chi-square was used to measure the discrepancies existing between the observed and expected frequency and to proof the level of significance in testing stated hypotheses. Summary of the findings and discussions Based on analyzed data, the findings in this study include the followings: 1) A large number of respondents 84. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational culture influence employee work behavior. 2) 72. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational culture is a determinant of productivity level of the organization. 3) 84. % of the respondents agree that a change in culture will cause a change in employee work behavior. 4) 54. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational norm is a major determinant of organizational culture. 5) Majority of the respondents (56. 0%) agree that organizational artifact is a major factor of organizational culture. 6) Organizational values influence employee work performance as 50. 0% of the respondents agree to this. 7) Adequate motivatio nal factors improve employee work behavior. 46. 0% of the respondents agree to this. From the hypotheses tested, we are able to discover the following: 1) In testing the first hypothesis, indicates that organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior. 2) When the second hypothesis was tested indicates that organizational culture is a major determinant of organizational productivity. 3) Finally, when the third hypothesis was tested it was also discovered that a change in organizational culture will cause a change in employee work behavior. From the result of analyzing can conclude that: (i) Organizational culture influence employee work behavior in the organization. ii) Organizational culture is a determinant of the productivity level of the organization. (iii) Changing in organizational culture will lead to a change in employee work behavior. (iv) Organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior. Discussion Why the culture important? For one thing, in organizations with strong cultures, employees are more loyal than employees in organizations with weak cultures (Robbin Coulter, 2014). For example, International Islamic University Malaysia that we are all have stayed, studied and worked. Many of staffs that we know have been work here more than 20 years and many students hat graduated from here continue study master in the same place. We think that one of the important reason of those people felt that IIUM had a very strong culture, not only employees that is loyal, but customers (students) is also feeling the same. Therefore, we are strongly agree that the organizational culture effected to employee work behavior. The suggestion for the journal 1. Even though individual has different in term of cultures, perspectives, beliefs and behaviors, one should be able to cope with others members in the organization to accomplish the same goals. The individual must have ability to adopt oneself to the organizational environment and cultural that will determine how one behaves at work. Nestle Nigeria Plc. Should encourages new entrants to internalize first with organization culture to know whether they can cope with them or not. 2. Should provide adequate motivational factors such as housing allowance , car loan , holiday allowance that will make their employee feel comfortable and satisfied with the company 3. Should operate strong culture not weak culture, which it can help employees perform better and it leads to efficient and effective performance. . The organization should build trust among employees and managers by using lslamic perspective. Trust is an important element in Islam as Allah (SWT) mentioned a lot verses in the and also our Prophet Muhammad (SAW) encourage us to implement our daily activity, the company relationship whether the employee in private business or within the public sector. Thus, trust plays and key role in bringing individuals together to create value that no one person could create on her partner as well as trust in relationship among members of business partners. It is emphasized in the Qur’an: â€Å"Allah commands you to deliver trusts to those worthy of them; and when you judge between people, to judge with justice†. (al-nisa’, 4:58. What is more obvious here is in that the verse is addressed to everyone when holds everything in trust. Here, we forewarned against the evil, position of trust to incompetent, mean, immoral, dishonest. According to Hadith : â€Å"Every one of you is a guardian and everyone will be asked about his subjects. Imam is a guardian. He will be asked about his subjects. A man is the guardian of the persons in his household. He is answerable about them. A woman is the guardian of her husband's house. She will be asked about her responsibility. The servant is the guardian of the articles of his master. He is answerable about this responsibility of his† (Bukhari) The Muslims are directed to take head of this and to entrust position of responsibility. Trust arises within community of regular, honest and corporative behavior based on commonly shared norms. The employees are trusted in organization they will feel more comfortable and good perform within the organization as the result, they will produce efficiency and effective outcomes.

Health Is The State Of Well Being Social Work Essays

Health Is The State Of Well Being Social Work Essays Health Is The State Of Well Being Social Work Essay Health Is The State Of Well Being Social Work Essay I have chosen this definition due to my exposure in nursing as a pupil, I have attained the decision that the word wellness to an ordinary person in the general populace is refering to the whole organic structure which is, free of any unwellness or any disease which can forestall the normal physical, emotional and religious operation of an mean human being. In order to hold a good wellness, an single ought to be able to execute all of the activities of day-to-day life, such as, being able to keep strong societal relationships ; being able to kip good and eat good ; being able to make things that can be contributed to the society or community and besides being able to look after oneself. Mental wellness is the status whereby persons are non merely free of any major mental wellness upsets but is holding the right province of cognitive, emotional and psychological well being. With all these facets, an person is able to transport out activities in the society, and run into the ordinary demands of mundane life. I have chosen this definition is based on my exposure to mental wellness in the infirmary scene, the most commonly account refering to mental wellness expressed by ordinary people of the society is merely whether an person is holding the ability to take part in normal activities of day-to-day life ; able to pass on usually with the society ; able to get by with reverses in life, such as personal job, household jobs and even relationships jobs ; able to show one s ain emotion and in conclusion one who can hold the positive sense of ego. However, many persons of the society ever have the misconception between mental wellness and mental unwellness. In fact, mental wellness is holding the capableness to equilibrate any emotional, societal, psychological and biological factors. Whereas mental unwellness is a diagnosable upset that affects an person s cognitive, emotional or societal abilities. My ain thoughts about mental wellness and mental unwellness came from reading books ; reading diary articles which are refering to mental wellness and mental unwellness and by sing as a nursing pupil during clinical arrangements. Yes, I do believe that despite that an person is being diagnosed with mental unwellness, however, they are still considered every bit healthy as ordinary persons. As holding a mental unwellness such as bipolar disease ; anxiousness upset or schizophrenic disorder does non intend that an person is non healthy. Mental unwellness will merely act upon on the affect of the cognitive, behavioral, communicating and rational abilities of an person. The facets of being healthy is that an person is capable of transporting out activities of day-to-day life such as, being able to get by with day-to-day emphasiss ; expression after oneself ; populating a good quality of life. Even though, these persons might be holding so mental upset, but it may be at a different grade of badness, where different persons may see different types of symptoms. Equally long as these persons are able to eat and kip good they are considered as healthy and holding the organic structure organs to work at an acceptable d egree. Mental unwellness is an on-going unwellness where it can repeat anytime in life which needs changeless direction. If mental unwellness is being decently good taken cared and early sensing was made, most persons are able to mend wholly with no extra episodes of unwellness. Although some persons will be sing ongoing symptoms of mental unwellness, but these persons still can populate a full and productive life every bit long as it is the symptoms are being managed good. I have understood the significance of recovery in mental unwellness through reading books. It was meant non merely about the full recovery in mental unwellness where 1 is to the full recovery without mental unwellness, but it is really the province where an person is able to populate their life meaningfully in malice of holding a mental unwellness ( Muir-Cochrane, Barkway A ; Nizette 2010, p. 4 ) . It every bit good intend that the persons are able to happen occupations, where they can work and back up themselves financially ; taking the duty in occupations ; holding the ability to pull off a long term relationship ; holding the ability to look after themselves ; able to show their emotions and feelings. Populating meaningfully is non merely free of the mental unwellness, it every bit long as one is capable to populate life with hopefulness and dreams that they want to accomplish and able to lend to the society. Recovery emphasizes that although persons may non be able to hold full direction over their symptoms but they still can hold full control over their lives. Stigma is where the society discriminates or labels a group of persons who are non every bit worthy as the normal persons of the society ( Morrison-Valfre 2009, p. 73 ) such as, either persons who are with a physical disablement or mental unwellness. Persons who are sing stigma with mental unwellness might be affected in the undermentioned ways. Unemployment, the persons will see troubles in acquiring a occupation, or the employers are unwilling to use persons with mental unwellness. As a consequence the person will be unemployed and they ca nt back up themselves financially. Stigma can halt persons from seeking aid from the public even if they are meeting some symptoms of mental unwellness, due to the shame or reluctant which they experienced after being stigmatized by the society. This can decrease the effectivity of the intervention if it is delayed, as the earlier the intervention commence the better the results will be. Persons may experience being isolated from the society, therefore persons with mental unwellness feel that they are being rejected by the society and hence are unwilling to acquire along with people. Persons might hold low ego regard, they will be given to fault themselves for holding this mental upset or they might lost all assurance for everything in life and even perpetrating self-destruction as they feel they are useless. Mention lists Mental wellness recovery theoretical account n.d. , Fairfax Country, Virginia, viewed 11 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fairfaxcountry.gov/csb/region/Resources/mhrecoverymodel.pdf gt ; . Mental wellness: beef uping mental wellness publicity 2010, World Health Organization, Switzerland, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ gt ; . Department of Health and Ageing, What is mental unwellness? , Australian Government 2007, Australia, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/B7B7F4865637BF8ECA2572ED001C4CB4/ $ File/whatmen.pdf gt ; . The stigma of mental unwellness n.d. , Toby House Inc, USA, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tobyhouse.com/mentalillness/stigma.htm gt ; . Sherman, P 2007, Stigma, mental unwellness and civilization, Scribd, USA, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/11731670/The-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness gt ; . Barkway, P 2009, Mental wellness A ; mental unwellness A ; ATOD , talk notes distributed in the subject NURS 2108 Mental Health and Mental Illness, Flinders University, Bedford Park on 10 August 2010. Flinders University 2010, Study program: NURS 2108 Mental Health and Mental Illness , Flinders University, Bedford Park. Mental Health 2010, Wikipedia, USA, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health gt ; . Health 2010, Wikipedia, USA, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health gt ; . Muir-Cochrane, E, Barkway, P A ; Nizette, D 2010, Mosby s pocketbook of mental wellness, Elsevier Australia, Chatswood. Challenging stigma 2005, Response Ability, Australia, viewed 10 August 2010, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.responsibility.org/client_images/33762.pdf gt ; . Morrison-Valfre, M 2009, Foundations of mental wellness attention, 4th edn, Mosby Elsevier, USA.

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government Monetary policy is important in decisions the United States government makes about economic practices and regulations, but equally important are the fiscal policies, which government spending and tax reform are geared toward in stimulating the economy. To understand the importance of monetary policy in the equation, one must first understand what the term means. The Economic Times defines monetary policy as the macroeconomic  policy  laid down by the central bank, which manages interest rates, money supply, and functions as the demand side of economic policy to affect inflation, consumption, growth, and liquidity. There is, however, a limit to the amount monetary policy can affect the economy because it hinges upon interest rates and monetary circulation. Once the interest rate hits zero, theres not much more the Federal Reserve can do in terms of monetary policy to help the economy. Fighting Inflation Versus Fighting Unemployment The  U.S. Department of State  argues that one of the key reasons that monetary policy is favorable during financially successful periods of the American economy is that it affects inflation rates positively but is relatively useless in fighting unemployment.   This is because theres a limit to the amount of monetary manipulation the Federal Reserve can do to the global value, or exchange rate, if the U.S. dollar plummets. Monetary policy primarily affects interest rates through control of the amount of currency in circulation (and other factors), so when the interest rate bottoms out at zero percent, theres nothing else a bank can do. If you take a look back at the Great Depression, over 3,000 banks failed during the 1930s- monetary policy meant very little when the value of the dollar had sunk to its lowest rate in history. Instead, fiscal policy and a series of unpopular yet successful economic policies helped America get back on its feet. Fiscal policy opened up new jobs and increased government spending to right the wrong of the market crash. Basically, the United States- or any governing body- can, in times of need, enact aggressive fiscal policy to combat market stagnation. How Monetary Policy Applies Now Because the United States economy has experienced its highest point in the last decade (the 2010s), monetary policy that cuts taxes and increased government spending in business and job-creation markets, especially under former President Barack Obama, has led to a decrease in the unemployment rate and a rapid increase in the United States GDP. Fiscal and monetary policies go hand in hand in the  federal legislature, where annual budgets dictate government spending in certain economy-stimulating areas as well as the creation of jobs through social welfare initiatives. The Federal Reserve annually dictates interest rates, liquidity, and currency circulation, which in turn also stimulate the market. In truth, without either fiscal or monetary policy in United States federal- and indeed local and state- government, the delicate balance of our economy might slip back into another Great Depression. Regulations, therefore, are important to maintaining a status quo across all states wherein each citizen is guaranteed their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

How to Express Future Time in English

How to Express Future Time in English Legend has it that the final words of French grammarian Dominique Bouhours were, Je vais ou je vas mourir; lun et lautre se dit, ou se disent. In English that would be, I am about to or I am going to die. Either expression is used. As it happens, there are also multiple ways of expressing future time in English. Here are six of the most common methods. the simple present: We leave tonight for Atlanta.the present progressive: Were leaving the kids with Louise.the modal verb will (or shall) with the base form of a verb: Ill leave you some money.the modal verb will (or shall) with the progressive: Ill be leaving you a check.a form of be with the infinitive: Our flight is to leave at 10:00 p.m.a semi-auxiliary such as to be going to or to be about to with the base form of a verb: We are going to leave your father a note. But time is not quite the same as grammatical tense, and with that thought in mind, many contemporary linguists insist that properly speaking, the English language has no future tense. [M]orphologically English has no future form of the verb, in addition, to present and past forms. . . . In this grammar, then, we do not talk about the future as a formal category . . ..(Randolph Quirk et al., A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman, 1985)[W]e do not recognize a future tense for English. . . . [T]here is no grammatical category that can properly be analyzed as a future tense. More particularly, we argue that will (and likewise shall) is an auxiliary of mood, not tense.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002)There is no future tense ending for English verbs as there is in other languages . . ..(Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006)English has no future tense, because it has no future tense inflections, in the way that many other languages do, nor any other grammatical form or combination of forms that can exclusively be ca lled a future tense.(Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011) Such denials of a future tense may sound paradoxical (if not downright pessimistic), but the central argument hinges on the way we mark and define tense. Ill let David Crystal explain: How many tenses of the verb are there in English? If your automatic reaction is to say three, at least, past, present, and future, you are showing the influence of the Latinate grammatical tradition. . . .[I]n traditional grammar, [t]ense was thought of as the grammatical expression of time, and identified by a particular set of endings on the verb. In Latin there were present tense endings . . ., future tense endings . . ., perfect tense endings . . ., and several others marking different tense forms.English, by contrast, has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is therefore a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs I walked: present tense vs past tense. . . .However people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of future tense (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the gramm atical realities of the English verb.(The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) So from this perspective (and keep in mind that not all linguists wholeheartedly agree), English doesnt have a future tense. But is this something that students and instructors need to be concerned about? Consider Martin Endleys advice for EFL teachers: [T]here is no harm done if you continue to refer to the English future tense in your classroom. Students have quite enough to think about without being troubled by such matters and there is little sense in adding to their burden needlessly. Yet, underlying the dispute is an important issue that does have an obvious bearing on the classroom, namely, the difference between the way the present and past tenses are marked on the one hand, and the way the (so-called) future tense is marked on the other.(Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age, 2010) Fortunately, English does have a future with plenty of ways of expressing future time.

Roots of the post Second World War environmental movements Essay

Roots of the post Second World War environmental movements - Essay Example The Second World War was described as a ‘watershed’ that developed into environmental activism that spawned quickly during the 1960s.The Second World War was a time of difficulty for many people around the world,it was also realized that the world was a small space that needed to be protected from the constant destruction by man towards the environment. After the war, the 50s was a fast-paced moving world littered with images of the perfect life, the perfect housewife in advertisements. These images were to accommodate a growing push towards a more materialistic life as more and more inventions were being made and used. Among a lot of the products available during the 1950s were items that were actually hazardous to the environment like the hairspray from the musical ‘Hairspray’ for example that encouraged the use of hairspray in modern hairstyles as well as the release of dangerous chemicals such as CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) and vinyl chloride which was a known carcinogen. It was also during the 1950s and the 1960s as more and more industrial accidents occurred that affected the environment that caused a revived concern about how we treated our ecology. The modern livelihood of man was farfetched from the roots that they have begun as hunters and gatherers who are more ecologically aware and attentive to the adverse effects of man and their exploitation and manipulation of their environment (Sahlins 1971) but as industrialization began to boom even more quickly the way man lived prior to the Second World War was a far cry from contemporary man. ... garments and transient objects. Aside from the growth of industrialization man continued to try and change their environment to bend to their own will. For example, if during Victorian times a garden was simply a garden and ways to control pesticides from invading gardens were by utilizing simple home remedies such as using vinegar. With the growth of industrialization and as many more people became wealthy enough to own a garden albeit with lesser time due to work quicker pesticides were used as a solution to pest problems in home gardens and in industrial farms. In 1960, a naturalist by the name of Rachel Carson began to publish a series of writings that were concerned with the adverse effects of the use of chemicals in the control of natural environments (Nash 1990:192-194). For example, she argued that the use of DDT which was only to get rid of weeds and pesticides affected the surroundings of the weeds themselves therefore also pointlessly poisoning the earth for no apparent reason in gardens except to make them look good and for industrial farms the ability of evolution would only create and cause even more stronger pesticides who will be resistant to the effects of the DDT and therefore needing even stronger more dangerous chemicals. Although cries such as Carson on the effects of chemicals were heard but not fully heeded it was also a backlash against government policies which tended to support industrial growth rather than protect the environment for the 'benefit' of the people. The politics of pollution during the 50s and 60s was a climate that favoured a 'little bit' of pollution and some money to be made over the unalterable effects on the earth's nature. For example, in the 1950s to the early 1960s the United